Transportation affects everyone on earth on a daily basis , People, countries, governments, business, whole economy rely on effective, reliable transportation in one form or another.The understanding, learning, and application of highway engineering is essential for a sustainable economy and ease of life, highway engineering is defined as : “Highway engineering is an engineering discipline branching from civil engineering that involves the planning, design, construction, operation, and maintenance of roads, bridges, and tunnels to ensure safe and effective transportation of people and goods.
“1 Roads are one of many modes of transportation and is the most important one, because roads are the facilities that allow people to move , companies to supply goods thus a functional economy. The road surface or Pavement is the surface of which a material would sustain moving loads such as vehicles or pedestrians.In the past roads were paved from bricks and masonry which we can still see now in many places like Rome, nowadays most of our roads are paved with asphalt or concrete , which are called Flexible pavement and rigid pavement respectively.These pavements withstand and resist huge amount of loads each day, some major highways have a traffic volume of 500,000 AADT, thus the analysis, design, and maintenance of these roads is essential, and must be safe and economical. Typically a flexible pavement consists of four layers : subgrade, subbase, base, surface ; and usually flexible pavements are constructed of Hot Mix Asphalt (HMA) , in these types of pavements , high stresses happen on the surface of the pavement and decreases with the depth, usually designed for a period of 20-30 yearsWhile rigid pavements are not that commonly used , they are used for constructing airports , seaports and some major highways; rigid pavements are most commonly constructed with Portland cement concrete because of the low cost , and higher lifespan, rigid pavements can reach double the design period of a flexible pavement.
As pavements age and experience traffic repetitions, pavement distresses begin to accumulate. Also distresses can compound themselves; for example, a crack can allow water to enter the pavement and lead to the development of a pothole or stripping. So it is important to perform timely maintenance. In this research we will showcase some types of rigid pavement distressesLiterature review Spalling :(A FRAMEWORK FOR INCORPORATION OF SPALLING IN THE DESIGN OF CONCRETE PAVEMENTS)Sanjaya P. Senadheera and Dan G. Zollinger”Spalling, which is an often encountered form of distress in concrete pavements hasnot received the same attention in pavement design as the other distresses such ascracking and punch-outs in continuously reinforced concrete pavements (CRCP) andjoint failure in jointed concrete pavements (JCP). It is a very important distress inconcrete pavements form the standpoint of the road user because it results in a roughride and gives a negative perception of lack of structural integrity in the pavement.From a technical standpoint, since spalling takes place at the transverse joints or randomcracks in the pavement, it may take away from the load transfer efficiency which isimportant to minimize stress levels in the pavement.
Unless adequate load transfer ismaintained, spalls may develop into more serious forms of distress such as punch-outs inCRCP, or joint failure in JCP.The lack of attention given to the spalling distress on a fundamental basis mayhave been due to a lack of understanding of the mechanisms involved. At TexasTransportation Institute (TTI) of the Texas A & M University System, research iscurrently underway to identify the mechanisms of spalling which would enable themodelling of spalling in concrete pavements by incorporating a number of factors thatappear to significantly influence spalling.” Blowup:(Analysis of Concrete Pavement Blowups)By A. D.
Kerr, Newark, Delaware, and P. J. Shade,:Florham Park, New Jersey (Received August 15, 1983; revised November 28, 1983) “Concrete pavement blowups are caused by axial compression forces induced into thepavement by a rise in temperature and moisture. Although many papers and reports werepublished on this subject, research in this area has not resulted in an understanding of theblowup mechanism and the derivation of a generally accepted analysis.
Recently, A. D. Kerr and W. A. Dallis, Jr., presented an analysis based on the assumptionthat blowups are caused by lift-off buckling of the pavement, due to a rise in pavementtemperature and moisture. In their analysis the nonlinear axial resistance between pavementand base was represented by a bilinear approximation.
In the present paper this assumptionis dropped, and a nonhnear expression is used instead. Although the resulting formulationis nonlinear (geometrical nonlinearity in the lift-off region and material nonlinearity in theadjoining regions) it was possible to solve it exactly and in closed form. The solutionsyield the post-buckling displacements and the corresponding axial forces.A “safe range” of temperature and moisture increases was defined and it is shown,using the obtained solutions, how this range is affected by the thickness of pavement, theaxial shearing resistance at the interface of pavement and base, and other pavement parameters. The presented results should contribute to a better understanding of the mechanics ofpavement blowups and the determination of the essential parameters.
It also providesguidelines for prescribing measures to reduce or totally eliminate blowups in concretepavements.” CAUSES OF PAVEMENT DETERIORATIONPavement Deterioration and its CausesSharad.S.Adlinge, Prof.
A.K.Gupta(Civil,J.J.Magdum college for Engineering/ Shivaji University,India) “(i)Sudden increase in traffic loading especially on new roads where the design is based on lesser traffic is amajor cause of cracking. After construction of good road, traffic of other roads also shifts to that road.
Thisaccelerates the fatigue failure (Alligator Cracking).(ii)Temperature variation ranging from 50º C to below zero conditions in the plain areas of North and CentralIndia leads to bleeding and cracking.(iii) Provision of poor shoulders leads to edge failures.(iv) Provision of poor clayey subgrade results in corrugation at the surface and increase in unevenness.(v) Poor drainage conditions especially during rainy seasons, force the water to enter the pavement from thesides as well as from the top surface. In case of open graded bituminous layer, this phenomenon becomes moredangerous and the top layer gets detached from the lower layers.
(vi) If the temperature of bitumen/bituminous mixes is not maintained properly, then it also leads to pavementfailure. Over heating of bitumen reduces the binding property of bitumen. If the temperature of bituminous mixhas been lowered down then the compaction will not be proper leading to longitudinal corrugations.” D- cracking”D-Cracking of Concrete Pavements,”Prepared by Donald Schwartz asNCHRP Synthesis 134″ Concrete pavement D cracking is a terminal condition.
Once it starts, there’s no known cure. The cause is known—coarse aggregates susceptible to freezing and thawing deterioration. But the only way to prevent D-cracking is to avoid using these aggregates in concrete pavements. Even that isn’t as simple as it sounds. How do you identify susceptible aggregates? And what do you do when the only economically available aggregates in the area cause D-cracking? Some of the answers are in a just published report from the National Cooperative Highway Research Program. It explores the causes and potential ways of avoiding or treating D – cracking distress.
Causes and symptoms Aggregates that cause D-cracking absorb moisture from the pavement base and from surface water entering through cracks and joints. If aggregate pores are full when freezing occurs, internal pore pressure c racks the particles causing the mortar to crack as well. More cracks develop with repeated freezing and thawing cycles. The cracks usually begin in the lower portion of the slab and move upward, but they may also start at the top or in the interior. They always start along cracks, joints, or free edges.
Eventually a pattern of cracks forms at the pavement we a ring surface. This pattern appears as a series of closely spaced fine cracks. These cracks are generally adjacent and parallel to joints and cracks and to the free edges of the pavement slab.”
