Introduction By the eighteenth century, slavery had become

                  Introduction       In international law, slavery isreferred to state in which an individual’s right and responsibilities aresubject to their owner.

Slave trade involves all activities that take placewhen acquiring, selling and capturing an individual for them to become slaves.By the eighteenth century, slavery had become a usual activity among Europeans.The international law legalized and permitted European nations to ownindividuals which resulted in the increase of slave trade. Slave trade wasacceptable in the international law but nowadays countries do not accept it.Slaves were used to work in plantations of sugar, cotton, rice and other cashcrops.

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Agriculture was seasonal and they used to carry goods for trade, lookafter livestock, construction of roads and railways. In the nineteenth century,various agreements, conferences and reports regulated slavery in internationallaw which led to abolition. Before slavery was completely abolished it passedthrough the following stages: General international law from 1890 to 1966,Slavery practices and human rights law from 1966 to 1998, Internationalcriminal law from 1998 to present.General InternationalLaw from 1890 to 1966     Firstly, the international congress thattook the first step in addressing slave trade was Vienna held in 1815. Thereport was as a result of depriving African rights, lowering the Europeanstandards and it was against the rights of individuals. Moreover, the reporthas received credits as a result of introducing the virtue of terminatingimport and export of slaves in the international law. The congress aimed atterminating slave trade in the world.

The agreements made at the convention ofVienna had some contents subject to the international, that is, access to waterbodies, termination of slave trade and priorities given to diplomats.      Europe was determined to abolish slave tradealong their water bodies through establishing laws against. However, theBritish resisted which resulted in making delays for the implementation of thelaws.

1   United Kingdom intervened by establishingtreaties among thirty one nations to reduce slave trade along the water bodies.The treaties made provisions on inspecting, other ships in case they aresuspected of slave trade. These laws were upheld by bodies called ‘mixedcommissions.’ Through the commissions six hundred and twenty ships werecaptured and eighty thousand slaves were rescued. United Kingdom abolished slavetrade in the European region.

     The Brussels Conference aimed at doingaway with slave trade globally through the General Act legislated in the late1800s. The European nations were denied access along the East African Coast tocut off the exportation of slaves where there was continued perseverance ofslave trade. However, it should be noted that the Brussels convention put theirattention on slave trade and the causes as a result this discouraged slaveryamong European nations and their importation. Moreover, the General Act wasrevised to help the European nations gain access to Africa for commercialpurposes as a result of deprival of dominance in the Versailles agreement andthe World War 1.

The Act made a provision that the western nations willcontinue to overlook on the African counties in their performance of moralconduct and possessions. Additionally, they were fighting against slave tradeto make sure it is completely abolished in the land and water bodies.    In the nineteenth century, the first moveto terminate import and export of slaves came in 1926 during the slaveryconvention where the defined slavery as an act that was against the morals.

Their aim was to discourage slavery in the western parts and to protect therights of slaves.2However, theslavery convection was not sufficient and the founders had to have anothermeeting which resulted in the supplementary conference. With these twoconferences, countries had to take into account the termination of slave tradelaw through the changes made in their state regulations.

  CASE LAW. InMuscat dhows case there was a conflict between France and Britain on thepermission granted on access of the Arabs ships as they transported slaves withreference to the 1890 Act of Brussels. Britain disagreed with the permit andwas of the mind to stop it. The court concluded that every nation has anopportunity to give consent to anyone they are comfortable with. France wascorrect on allowing Arabians to ship slaves for them who were from Africa.

Slavery-like Practicesfrom 1966 to 1998    The United Nationsplayed a major role in fighting against slave trade and legalizing the laws setto its termination. Charters were formed which termed slave trade as a criminalaction. In the mid of 1900s the United Nations urged nations to follow the lawsset during the slavery and supplementary conferences. Moreover, in 1966, theyhad to conduct research on the status of slave trade which resulted in theappointment of Awad.In the midst ofsolving the problems of slave trade the phrase ‘slave-like practices’ emergedas a solution. It was concluded that countries did not adhere to the policiesof the Supplementary Conference and slave trade was as a result ofcolonization, racism and so forth. On the other hand, Ramsey disagreed with thereport of Awad as he argued that slavery has no connections to colonialism andracism instead the supplementary conference was the best reference.

Theresolution 1126 was implemented to terminate colonization, discrimination ofraces, import and export of slaves. Moreover, they addressed slave trade througheradication of regulations that encourage racism and colonization. In early1970s the United Nations assessed the relativity of the consequences of slaveryand had to come up with valid solutions on the issues to make sure of completederadication of slave trade.  In the mid1970s United Nations came up with a definition and the various categories ofslavery that would cover present and future.

3  However,apartheid was seen as a cause of slave trade as a result the UnitedNations  had to address it for the itstermination. Consequently, in 1980 Awad’s reported was upgraded through furtherresearch done by Whittaker to improve the effectiveness of the meaning ofslavery among nations. Moreover, the 1980 declaration was improved for theemergence of 2000 United Nations paper which defined the phrase ‘ slave tradepractices’ independently from slavery and supplementary convections. International Criminal Law from 1998 to PresentThrough thepersistence of implementing the slavery and supplementary conferenceregulations slave trade in the twentieth century is no longer practiced.

Therapid changes in slave trade are as a result the attention of global agreementsthat view slavery as a criminal offence leading to its termination.Alternatively human rights commissions focus on the individuals that havecommitted the action of enslaving which becomes ineffective. TRAFFICKINGTOOLS.

The laws regarding human trafficking were outlined by the United Nationin the Palermo Protocol that was held in early twentieth century. The laws hada provision of punishing the traffickers and defined the categories of humantrafficking. The convention concluded that the groups that were subjected totrafficking included children and mothers. However, another conference was heldin 2005 to put an emphasis on the definition of human trafficking and theconsequences if found guilty. The primary aim of the conferences is to createglobal awareness of cases of human trade.4However, they at times focus on reducing violations of the rights ofindividuals. ThePalermo Protocol is a guideline in which nations shouldexercise as part of their laws rather than an international policy.

Theprotocol gives guidance on categorizing human trade as a criminal act.5   Additionally, the laws of the protocol set out rulesregarding cooperation of nations and the needed to enhance their territorialbase. The trafficking conferences are essential in the sense that they providedefinitions and are a reference to cases of human trade. The Palermo Protocolis similar to slavery and supplementary conferences as their definition ofslave trade have the same implication.

6 ENSLAVEMENT. The international criminal law issubject to punishing global criminals including those who are guilty ofslavery. Enslavement involves slavery, subjection and pressure on labour.

Thisevident in the case of Kunarac etalcase where the jury defined condemnation of slavery is wide as it covers theancient as well as different terms of slavery, export and import of slaves,pressure on labor and subjection in different aspects of international law.With reference to the Yoguslavian case, the traditional international isdifferent from the international criminal court meaning of condemnation ofslavery as it states they are different from slavery. Alternatively, theinternational court argues that slavery and its condemnation are similar as itthey refer to it as the practice of a slave subject to their owners andincludes trading of mothers and young ones. CASE LAW. In thecase of Kunarac, he was accountable for illegality such as condemnation ofslavery, harassment and rape which are inhumane.

  However, his counterparts, Radomir and Zoranwere also found liable of inhumane acts. The court ruled out that they had toundergo imprisonment for their wrongful actions.7 Moreover, in theSiliadin versus France case, a woman from Togo who is a resident in Paris hadnot received her salary for few years and the passport had been hidden. Thewoman claimed that the justice was not administered on her regarding hersubjection of slavery.  With reference toSection four of the European conference the accused was found to have putpressure and subjected the woman on labor. The court argued that the woman wasnot subjected to the ancient form of slavery.

8In conclusion,slave trade in the European region came to be abolished as result ofregulations done in the international laws. The advancements made in the lawsdiscouraged the acts of slavery from being legal to illegal. Previously,slavery was unpunishable but the current international criminal law categorizesit as a crime which one must face the consequences if found guilty.

The levelsof slavery have decrease since the establishment and legislation of anti-slavelaws and institutions.      

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