Demonstration different institutionalist theories separately. In the main

DemonstrationMearsheimer’sarticle examines the claim that institutions push states away from war andpromote peace. The author focuses on evaluating the major internationalrelations theories that use institutions as a core concept: liberalinstitutionalism, collective security, and critical theory. He first beginswith a brief review of realism, because he believes that the institutionalisttheories are mainly a response to realism, and each directly challengesrealism’s underlying logic.

To do so, he answers four questions: 1) What areinstitutions? 2) How do they work to cause peace? Specifically, what is thecausal logic that underpins each theory? 3) Are these different logics thatexplain how institutions work compelling? 4) Does the evidence support thesetheories? He also chooses to examine the different institutionalist theoriesseparately. In the main body of the article, he describes and evaluates liberalinstitutionalism, collective security, and critical theory. He concludes by consideringwhy institutions are so highly thought of by policymakers and academics, whenthere is slight evidence that they are an important cause of peace.Throughoutthe article, Mearsheimer refers to other researchers with different point ofviews such as Charles Lipson, Robert Keohane, and Joseph Grieco.

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He also usesempirical evidence by applying theories in real life cases. When discussing thesignificance of relative gains and cheating, he uses the example of the impactof relative-gains, during the Cold War, in economic relations among theadvanced industrialized democracies in the Organization for EconomicCooperation and Development (OECD). Similarly, he mentions Michael Mastanduno,who found that concern about relative gains, not about cheating, was animportant factor in shaping American policy towards Japan in three cases: theFSX fighter aircraft, satellites, and high-definition television.Onthe other hand, Keohane and Martin began by pointing out errors fromMearsheimer’s own articles on realism. They then examined his major claimsabout institutionalism. They also consider the divide between security andeconomic issues, the question of “relative gains,” and empirical workthat provides evidence of the significance of international institutions.

Theyconclude that institutions sometimes matter, and that it is a worthy task ofsocial science to discover how, and under what conditions, this is the case.Theyalso use evidence by mentioning examples of real-life cases, and researchers.For example, how Anne-Marie Slaughter Burley and Walter Mattli show that theECJ has had an unexpectedly large impact on the politics of Europeanintegration, transforming political into legal issues with the aid oftransnational networks of lawyers and judges.

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