Assignment vowel. Long vowels are marked and short

 Assignment 1: LING 1002HHenna Safdar0601141Friday, January, 19, 2018Professor Martin Blaine                   1.

a) Afrikaans(South Africa) Tendencies:i, a, u, are included in the major vowels, these 3 are most common. a beingthe most common, 9 which the normal tends to be 3-9. Universals:All languages contain vowels.y is a front,rounded, short vowel.

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i is a back,rounded, high vowel. i is almost the most commonly occurring vowel. u is a back,rounded, high vowel. u is almost the most commonly occurring vowel.o is a back,rounded, mid vowel. ø is a front,rounded vowel.

? is a central, unrounded, short vowel.ais a front, unrounded, short vowel. a is the most commonly occurring vowel.  b) Squamish(British Colombia)Tendenciesi, a, u, are included in the major vowels, all being very distinct. Between3 and 9 vowels.

Universals:All languages contain vowels.i is a close,front, high, unrounded vowel. i is almost the most commonly occurring vowel.

u is a back,rounded, high vowel. u is almost the most commonly occurring vowel.? is a high, central, unrounded, shortvowel.ais a low, front, unrounded open vowel. a is the most commonly occurring vowel. 2.a) MalteseArabic Languageswith long vowels, also have short vowel. Long vowels are marked and shortvowels are unmarked.

 b) Awji(North New Guinea)If alanguage has contrastive nasal vowels, it has oral vowels.Nasalvowels are marked. Oral vowels are unmarkedLanguageswith nasal vowels also have oral vowels, but the same does not apply vice versa.Nasal vowels are marked and oral vowels are unmarked. If alanguage has contrastive nasal vowels, it has oral vowels.Nasalvowels are marked.

Oral vowels are unmarkedIf alanguage has contrastive nasal vowels, it has oral vowels.Nasalvowels are marked. Oral vowels are unmarked 3. a) Tahitian(Tahiti) p, t, ?are all stop consonants. m, nare nasal consonants.f, hare voiceless fricative consonants.v is avoiced fricative consonant.

r is afluid consonant.  b) Paulauan(Palau Islands)b, t,k, ? are all stop consonants. m, ?are nasal consonants.s, õ arefricative consonants. r is a fluidconsonant. l is alateral consonant.

 c) Nengone (LoyaltyIslands, South Pacific,) –Stop and nasal systems only m, n, ?, ?,are all nasal consonants. ??, m?, n? are voiceless nasal consonants. p?, t?, k? are voicelessstops, with aspirated p, t, k.?, d, b,g are stop consonants.

?h retroflex, voicelessstop, with aspirated t.? retroflex stop. d) Mixe (SouthMexico)p, t,k, ?, are voiceless stop consonants.t? is a voicelessaffricative.

d, g are voiced stopconstanants.ts is a affricate consonant.s, h are fricatives.x is a voiceless velarfricative. v is a voicedfricative.

? is a voiced velarfricative. m, n are all nasalconsonants. 4. morphologicalcharacteristics  a) Swahiliis Polysynthetic. A whole sentence can be said in one word. b) Latvianis Fusional. In Latvian, by observing the suffixes, they encode multiple meaningsat once. c) Japaneseis Agglutinating.

In Japanese, morphemes are in a single word. Morphemes are inpieces and seem to be one meaning per morpheme.  5.

Morphological analysis of Latvian a) lidot?js ‘aviator aviator (nominative) “person of fly”b) lidot?ju ‘aviator (accusative)’ c) lidot?jam ‘to the aviator aviator (dative)d) lidot ‘to fly’e) rakst?t?js ‘writer (nominative) “person of write)f) rakst?t?ja ‘writer’s (genitive)’g) rakst?t ‘to write’ lidot ‘to fly’-a¯j- ‘-or’ nominalizer ‘agent of …’-s/u/am/a (Nom, Acc, Dat, Gen)raksti¯t ‘to write’ Latvian hasinflectional suffixes (e.g., -am), the universal predicts that Latvian should also havederivational suffixes, and it does (e.g., a¯j).• Where there are both derivational and inflectionalsuffixes in the same word(e.g., lidota¯jam), the derivational suffix is “inside”(closer to the root).

The dative example (lidota¯jam ‘to the aviator’) involves apreposition iftranslated into English, but it actually involves a casemarker (not a postposition) inLatvian. Many languages have dative case marking as well asnominative and accusativemarking. The morphemes: lidot ‘fly’ a?j ‘-er’ s ‘nominative case’raksti?t ‘write’ u ‘accusative case’ am ‘dative case’ a ‘genitive case’ Thedata reflects the implicational universal that requires that if a language hasinflectional affixes(here, case markers), it must also have derivationalaffixes(here the affix a?j, which converts a V into a N). Moreover, thederivational affix occurs closer to the rootthan does the inflectional affix(another universal).  6. a) to therestaurant.

The word order here is VO, verb object. VO has propositions. Malagasycomplies.b) bringsthe beer the waiter. The word order here is VOS, verb object subject. VOS haspropositions. Malagasy complies.

c) comefrom America he. The word order here is VSO, verb subject object.  Word orderis VOS, has prepositions. The tendency is that VO languages haveprepositions;Malagasy complies.We can’treally say anything about the other universals because we lack the data. Oneuniversalstarts “If a language has OV word order, …” which doesn’t apply to (or perhapsisvacuously satisfied by) Malagasy.

One talks about the order of PP’s and theverb, butwe don’thave a sentence with both a verb and a PP. One talks about the order of manneradverbs (wedon’t have examples of any), and the last takes about possessors (again, wehave noexamples of any).  

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