– higher water absorption by capillary action.

– Ceramic waste powder dominated samples have higher waterabsorption by capillary action.- With increasing replacement of cement with ceramic waste powder,dry bulk density decreased. – Strength increased due to relative pozzolanic reaction ofceramic.- Structure of ceramic based mortarappears compacted than conventional concrete-The use of ceramic waste powder inmortars has technical and environmental advantages ABSTRACTReuse of waste from construction anddemolition is one of the most important purposes in the world. One of the mostimportant wastes, due to its wide range of reuse possibilities, is ceramicwaste of (CWP) the construction and ceramic industry. The aim of this researchwas to investigate some of the physical and mechanical properties of alaboratory-produced mortar.

In this paper, Portland cement type (II) wasreplaced by 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25% of CWP from Almas-Kavir Company (Iran). Themortar specimens were cured in water for 7, 14, 28 and 56 days, then propertiesof fresh and hardened mortar, such as the density of fresh mortar, initial andfinal setting time, the flow of hydraulic cement mortar, compressive strength,alkali-silica reaction of aggregates, dry bulk density, ultrasonic pulsevelocity, water absorption of the hardened mortars were determined. Finally, inorder to understand the hydration mechanism of the materials as it relates tothe strength properties, microscale tests, SEM and XRD were used to examine thefragments of the selected mortars. From the results, a mortar sample containing10% CWP as replacements for cement, gave higher strength values than thecontrol and other mixes. Results also show that ASR expansions are expected toincrease with reduced CWP. Microstructural analysis of the best mix revealedthat it has lower proportions of, portlandite than the control mix, and thiscould be responsible for the strength gained. Keywords: Ceramic waste, Cement, Pozzolan, Mortar, Ettringite, Portlandite, Environment1. Introdution       Portland cementproduction accounts for around 5% of the global carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions,which is categorized as a major greenhouse gas.

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While increasing demand forconcrete is essential and associated with rapid global development and constructionindustry growth, cement is the primary and most expensive component of concretemixture. Partial or full replacement of cement is considered a sustainablesolution toward decreasing the environmental impact of cement production andwill also contribute to sustainable concrete. The growth of industrial activityalso produced a large volume of solid waste that annually increases in severalindustrial sectors, becoming an environmental issue its final deposition.

Amongthis industrial sector, the ceramic industry growths due to its highheat-efficient envelop for building. In Europe, the amount of wastes fromdifferent production stages of the ceramic industry reaches to 3-7 % of itsglobal production, meaning millions of tons of calcined-clays per year (Pavlíkand Fort et al., 2013). The same values of scrap are reported for the Iranceramic industry. The cement production companies have begun to implement aseries of measures to reduce their environmental impact and transform thePortland cement into a material with sustainable development. To find economic,technological and environmentally friendly solutions, the use of industrialby-products or waste material has been widespread (Puertas and García-Díaz etal., 2008) in the manufacture of Portland cement. In recent years, mortars madewith ceramic waste powder (CWP) have been investigated.

Irassar et al. (2014)studied the utilization of CWP as pozzolanic materials and reported thatincorporation of ceramic waste with Portland cement simulates hydration due toenhancement of effective water-to-cement ratio in the system. However, it wasclaimed that with replacement between 8 to 40% no pozzolan activity wasobserved at early ages, while good pozzolanic activity was observed at 28 days.Pokorny´ et al. (2014) showed that incorporation of CWP reduced compressive,bending strength, and thermal properties while improving thermal insulation.

For similar ceramic waste, Vejmelková et al. (2014) showed that CWP slowedcompressive strength development, and the 28 days compressive strength reaching90% of the reference concrete with no CWP. Similarly, Heidari et al. (2013) andPacheco-Torgal et al. (2011) reported reduction in early age compressivestrength of concrete with an increase of CWP content but with minor strengthreduction at later ages.

Wang et al. (2009) showed that pozzolanic activity andstrength of concrete incorporating CWP preceded that incorporating fly ash.However, addition of CWP reduced the heat of hydration and increased shrinkage.The microstructure of mortars incorporating CWP demonstrated close-grained,dense, and reticular hydration gel. In this paper, the potential of usingceramic wastes as partial replacement of Portland cement is studied. Anexperimental program examining replacing 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, and 25% of Portlandcement with CWP was developed.

Mechanical and durability characteristics ofconcrete were examined. Furthermore, microstructural analysis of the cementpaste mixtures incorporating CWP was performed.2.

 Materials  2.1. Cement  Ordinary Portland cement Type (II) (OPC) of Momtazan Company (Iran)meeting the requirements of ASTM C150 (2009) was used in the preparation ofconcrete mixtures. The chemical and physical properties of cement are given inTable 1.  2.2.

Ceramic waste powder     The ceramic,which used in this experimental work was sourced from the ceramic waste ofRafsanjan Almas-Kavir Company (Iran). The ceramic sources are from differentmanufacturers, but they are original of stoneware ceramic source. The ceramicswere washed with water in order to get rid of debris that stuck to the surface,and subsequently, they were air-dried for a few days. Thereafter, a hammer wasused to grind the ceramic into granular sizes of 2–4.75 mm. Another portion ofthe ceramics was pulverized to a powder size of 1-100 µm. The particle sizegradation for cement and CWP is shown in Fig. 1.

The cement is finer than theCWP. The oxide composition of CWP was determined using X-ray fluorescence (XRF)and the result is presented in Table. 2. The chemical and physical propertiesof CWP and cement are given in Table 2 and Table 3 respectively. Also, scanningelectron microscope (SEM) image of the CWP showed that it consisted ofirregular and angular particles that resemble the shape of cement particles andX-Ray Diffraction (XRD) of CWP is shown in Fig 3 and Fig 4 respectively.

As canbe seen in table 4, CWP has suitable conditions for an ideal pozzolan regardingASTM C618 (2007).  

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