1 jobs when they feel that their job

1 CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background of the Study Compensation management is one of the most fundamental human resource practice and a major subject of importance in the general field of management. This comes as no surprise considering the fact that organizations play a vital role in the economic development of a country therefore, maintaining the employees who run the operations and activities of organizations is of utmost importance. Employees are generally motivated to exert more efforts in their jobs when they feel that their job provides them with the things that they value.

Organizational commitment of employees on the other hand, is also an important factor that organizations must consistently strive to achieve and maintain as it tends to influence whether an employee remains a member of the organization or leaves to pursue another job. This often results in turnover for the organizations in question. Employees who are committed to their jobs often exhibit loyalty to their organization, do not engage in withdrawal behavior, are eager to learn more on the job, and, are willing to put in their best to ensure that the organization achieves its desired goals and objectives. One way to secure the organizational commitment of employees is to build and maintain an effective and efficient compensation management system that gives the organization some form of leverage to retain the employees. Because one of the main aims of an organization is to maximize profit, organizations are constantly seeking to ensure that employees are satisfied with their jobs to enable them put in their best effort for the organization.

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Very often, organizations use compensation management systems to attract, motivate, satisfy and retain employees and also to ensure that the employees give their best and increase productivity. However, organizations cannot rely on high salaries alone to retain their employees. Therefore, there is a need for organizations to develop appropriate compensation plans that reflect the real and perceived needs of employees some of which can include stock option plans, suitable tax incentives, assistance in achieving personal goals etc. The process of developing an appropriate compensation management system allows organizations to provide tangible and intangible value to employees for the work they do or services they render.

Several studies have been conducted by many management scholars over the years on the concept of compensation management such as Frye (2004), Osibanjo et al. (2014), Riaz (2014),2 which focused on the relationship between compensation management and organizational performance and commitment at the workplace. Most of such studies confirmed that there is a positive relationship between compensation management and organizational performance and commitment. “Researchers have further argued that compensation management system can create and sustain a competitive advantage for organizations” (Milkovich et al., 2011). “Over the years, more and more organizations have embraced and implemented not just monetary rewards but also non-monetary rewards into their compensation management plans and packages” (Widmier, 2002). These monetary rewards often include basic salary, wages, bonuses, commissions etc.

and, the non-monetary rewards can take on several different forms ranging from protection programs, pay for time not worked, services and perquisites, praise from superiors and co-workers, promises of future promotions and opportunities, feelings of self-esteem that comes from verbal acknowledgements, recognitions, recommendations, to future monetary rewards related to performance and so much more. “Compensation represents both intrinsic and extrinsic rewards that employees receive for performing their jobs” (Dessler, 2011). Intrinsic and extrinsic compensation describes an organization’s total compensation management system. Intrinsic compensation is based on intangible rewards. It reflects employees’ psychological mindsets that result from performing their jobs.

It is internal to the person in that it is something that you have to offer yourself and is driven by personal interest or enjoyment in the work itself. Employees who are intrinsically motivated tend to work at higher levels of productivity and strive to develop both personally and professionally. Intrinsic compensation is usually non-financial in nature such as personal achievement, professional growth, sense of pleasure and accomplishment, job satisfaction, recognition, verbal acknowledgements, freedom, responsibility etc.

Such rewards impacts a deeper and long lasting impression because it enables the employees to improve on the quality of the work they do. Extrinsic compensation on the other hand, is based on tangible rewards. It is external to the individual and is typically offered by a supervisor or manager who holds all the power in relation to what extrinsic rewards are offered and in what amount. Extrinsic compensation is usually financial in nature such as a raise in salary, a bonus for reaching some quota, paid time off, commissions and so on.

Imagine how demotivating it would be for employees who are underpaid, overworked, and unappreciated, and one can quickly see how important extrinsic compensation is to organizational commitment, effectiveness, and success. An extrinsically motivated employee will work on a given task that they do not particularly3 care for simply because of the anticipated satisfaction that will come from the extrinsic compensation. Compensation management refers to the overseeing of rewards usually in the form of pay for a job. Rowman (2006), described compensation management as “all the employers’ available tools that may be used to attract, retain, motivate, and satisfy employees”. This tends to include every single investment that an organization makes in its people and everything its employees value in the employment relationship. When an organization is ready to hire employees, it must develop a process to reward those employees.

This process is referred to as the compensation management process. Some of the objectives of compensation management includes; to attract and retain employees, to increase and maintain morale, to reward job performance, to attract manpower in a competitive market, to achieve internal and external equity, to reduce turnover, to encourage company loyalty, to modify practices of unions through negotiations, to control wages, salaries and labor costs by determining rate change and frequency of increment, to maintain satisfaction of employees by exhibiting a fair, adequate and equitable remuneration, and many more. “The importance of an effective compensation management system in an organization cannot be over-emphasized and should in fact be consistently recapitulated because, employees generally value the rewards they receive at their workplace as it motivates them to improve their performance” (Milkovich et al., 2011).

When organizations develop and maintain a well-designed and structured compensation management system, such organizations tend to attract and retain employees who are willing to work because it gives them a positive feeling and impression about their job, satisfied with their jobs and motivated to work harder to achieve objectives and, thus, desire to remain with the organization they work for. Colquitt et al. (2009), described organizational commitment as a “phenomenon that influences whether an employee stays a member of an organization (is retained) or leaves to pursue another job (turns over)”. Wiener (1982), defined organizational commitment as “the aggregate internalized demands to perform in a manner which meets organizational goals and objectives”. Porter et al. (1974), on the other hand defined organizational commitment as “an attachment to the organization, characterized by an intention to remain in it, identifying with the values and goals of the organization, and a willingness to exert extra effort on its behalf”. Miller (2003), also defined organizational commitment as “a state in which an employee identifies with a particular organization and its goals, and wishes to maintain membership in the organization”.

4 Employees who are not committed to their organizations often engage in withdrawal behavior, which can be defined as a set of actions that employees perform to avoid the work situation. Withdrawal behaviors are known as behaviors that may eventually culminate in quitting the organization. Organizational commitment and withdrawal behaviors are negatively related to each other because the more committed employees are, the less likely they are to engage in withdrawal behaviors.

Organizational commitment can therefore be referred to as the degree in which an employee is willing to maintain membership with the organization due to interest and association with the organization’s goals, values and objectives. There are three main dimensions of organizational commitment namely; “affective commitment (AC), continuance commitment (CC), and normative commitment (NC)” (Allen & Meyer, 1991). Affective commitment occurs when employees want to stay and is influenced by the emotional bonds between employees.

Continuance commitment occurs when employees need to stay and is influenced by salary and benefits and the degree to which they are embedded in the community. And finally, normative commitment occurs when employees feel that they ought to stay and is influenced by an organization investing in its employees or engaging in charitable efforts. According to DeCenzo & Robbins (2006), “employee benefits as a whole have no direct effect on employee performance, however, inadequate benefits contributes to low job satisfaction and increase in employee absenteeism and turnover”. This implies that when employees are not compensated appropriately for the effort they put in to work, dissatisfaction emanates on the job therefore, organizations seeking to achieve improved performance, effectiveness, and productivity must design well-structured compensation management systems that considers and satisfies not just the physical needs of the employees but also their emotional desires as well. Thus, not only motivating but at the same time satisfying their employees adequately enough to work at their absolute best (Allen & Meyer, 1991).

Some issues to consider are; Is it possible for an organization to design a compensation management system that would adequately have a positive impact on employee performance and their commitment? How often should the compensation management system be reviewed? Would a fixed compensation management system bring out the required and/or desired performance from the employees? Does the compensation management system reward the right set of employees? Does the compensation packages given to employees solve their problems5 enough to boost their performance and commitment in the workplace? Can the compensation management system stand out amongst that of fellow competitors and also stand the test of time? With these questions in mind, there is a need for the human resources management of our organizations to design and implement appropriate compensation management systems in line with actual organizational performance, commitment, and the level of work, input, and productivity that employees exhibit. The problem of trying to figure out these questions with an intent of proffering possible solutions forms the basis for this study. 1.2 Statement of the Problem In these modern times, there is a lot of interest in the field of compensation management and organizational commitment. Why because, employees are the most significant and valuable resource in any organization therefore, ensuring that they are satisfied with their job and give the organization their best is one of an organization’s main objective.

There are several ways to motivate the performance of employees, one of such ways is to build an effective compensation management system. This study is aimed at exploring the gap between the compensation management system and organizational commitment at the Nigerian Bank of Industry Limited. In every organization, employees typically receive different kinds of benefits in the form of wages, salaries, bonuses, commissions etc. Most of these employees who possess good and solid educational backgrounds tend to be unmotivated to perform their best with the job when their compensation packages does not measure up to their educational experience and standard thus leading to dissatisfaction, withdrawal behaviors, and turnover.

Osibanjo et al. (2014), suggested that “organizations with more appropriate and adequate compensation packages typically record a positive effect on employee performance which leads to an overall decrease in turnover and employees’ willingness to remain with such organizations”. This could imply that proper compensation packages would motivate employees to commit to the organizations they work for and remain loyal to it. The ability to identify the plausible reasons as to how and why compensating employees adequately can lead to organizational commitment on the part of employees pushes us a step further and closer to understanding the importance of compensation management and how it greatly influences organizational commitment in the workplace.6 1.3 Objectives of the Study The study examines the relationship between compensation management and organizational commitment with the following objectives: a) To determine the forms of compensation management that affect organizational commitment.

b) To identify the factors that influence organizational commitment. c) To examine the relationship between compensation management and organizational commitment. 1.4 Research Questions The purpose of the study is to obtain practical answers to the following research questions: a) What are the forms of compensation management that affect organizational commitment? b) What are the factors that influence organizational commitment? c) What is the nature of the relationship between compensation management and organizational commitment? 1.5 Research Hypothesis The following null hypotheses will be tested in this study: a) H1: There is no form of compensation management that affect organizational commitment. b) H2: There is no factor that influence organizational commitment.

c) H3: There is no significant relationship between compensation management and organizational commitment. 1.6 Significance of the Study 1) The information from this study will add to the already existing pool of knowledge and theories on the subject matter of compensation management. The main question of concern is how well the use of compensation management systems relates positively to organizational commitment.

2) The outcome of this study could prove significant and useful in several ways such that it would serve as a challenge for future researchers or students who may be interested in carrying out more research in this area and also serve as reference materials for other7 students examining or investigating the field of compensation management and/or organizational commitment. 3) The study could provide evident information on compensation management processes and practices. 4) The study would also give an insight on the impact of compensation management systems that could assist in maintaining organizational commitment of employees. 5) The study may also provide insights to managers on ways to enhance the organizational commitment of employees.

6) Finally, the study would help to reiterate the importance of appropriate compensation management systems in organizations and how it affects overall organizational commitment in the workplace. 1.7 Scope of the Study The scope of the study is confined to the employees of Nigerian Bank of Industry Limited, focusing on the period from 2001 to 2017 as it represents the period from which the bank fully commenced its start of service to date. The study was conducted on employees of various levels from different departments at Nigerian Bank of Industry Limited.

Employees expected to participate in the study includes; supporting workers, executive officers, technical executives, managers and operational staff. The study was restricted to employees of Nigerian Bank of Industry (BOI) Limited in order to determine several ways of integrating the employees to achieve higher and more efficient success through organizational commitment. 1.8 Limitations of the Study 1) The major limitation of the study is that it covers only the compensation management system at the Nigerian Bank of Industry (BOI) Limited, thus, grounding the available and necessary resources, data and information to a specific office only. 2) The study excluded several variables of compensation management and organizational commitment due to shortage of time and funds. 3) Budgetary constraints also played a constraining part in the conduction of the study because data was gathered from only one sector of the many Development Finance Institutes available in Nigeria and thus, the results cannot be deemed as fully expedient for the rest of the sectors.

8 4) The time period that was specified and available to perform the necessary requirements, project errands, meetings and data and information collection was not readily available, carefully managed and efficiently utilized. 1.9 Definition of Terms Reward: a reward is anything given in recognition of service, effort or achievement. It is a consequence that happens to a person as a result of worthy or unworthy behavior. The total of all rewards provided to employees in return for their input is called compensation.

Compensation: Compensation is a reward in exchange for services. It is known as any form of extrinsic benefit, monetary or non-monetary, provided to employees in exchange for their contributions and service to the organization. Compensation management: compensation management which is also known as wage and salary administration or remuneration management or reward management is concerned with designing and implementing total compensation packages. Organizational commitment: organizational commitment is a spontaneous process, which develops through the orientation of individuals to the organization. It can be defined as the desire on the part of an employee to remain a member of an organization. 1.10 Profile of the Organization Under Study The Nigerian Bank of Industry (BOI) Limited is the oldest, largest and the most successful Development Finance Institute (DFI) currently operating in Nigeria. It has a strong branch network with 24 branches across the country, a headquarters in Lagos State, and a corporate office in Abuja, Nigeria.

Nigerian Bank of Industry Limited is owned by the Ministry of Finance Incorporated (MOFI) Nigeria (94.80%), the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) (5.19%), and private shareholders (0.01%). The bank has 11 members on its board chaired by Aliyu Abdulrahman Dikko. Nigerian Bank of Industry Limited began its operations in 1959 as the Investment Corporation of Nigeria (ICON) Limited.

In 1964, ICON Limited was reconstituted to become the Nigerian Industrial Development Bank (NIDB) Limited under the guidance of the World Bank. Initially, International Finance Corporation (IFC) held 75%9 equity in NIDB however, the equity structure was then diluted in 1976 as a result of the indigenization decree. In 2001, the Nigerian Bank of Industry Limited was reconstructed out of the merger of the Nigerian Industrial Development Bank (NIDB), Nigerian Bank for Commerce and Industry (NBCI), and the National Economic Reconstruction Fund (NERFUND). Although the bank’s share capital was initially set at ?50 billion in the wake of NIDB’s reconstruction, it was increased to ?250 billion in 2007. The purpose of the increase was to better position the bank in addressing Nigeria’s rising economic profile in line with its mandate to provide financial assistance for the establishments of new enterprises, the expansion, diversification, and modernization of existing enterprises and the rehabilitation of ailing industries.

Following a successful institutional, operational and financial restructuring program embarked upon in 2002, the bank has transformed into an efficient, focused and profitable institution that is well-placed to effectively carry out its primary mandate of providing long-term financing to the industrial sector of the Nigerian economy. Over the years, the bank has undergone several transformations and re-engineered its processes to improve service delivery. In 2014, the bank commenced the use of Business Development Service Providers (BDSPs) to improve the quality of entrepreneurs and loan applications. The BDSPs are expected to assist MSMEs with structuring their business plans and business models and provide relevant capacity building and training programs.

Nigerian Bank of Industry Limited in collaboration with the Small and Medium Enterprises Development Agency of Nigeria (SMEDAN) and Department for International Development (DFID) created an institute to accredit BDSPs in Nigeria. The Nigerian Bank of Industry (BOI) Limited was set up to encourage industrial production and value creation by manufacturing and processing activities of businesses. The objective of the bank is to provide the industrial sector of the Nigerian economy with finance as well as business support services.

The bank’s market focus targets mainly; small, medium and large enterprises excluding cottage industries, new or existing companies seeking expansion, modernization or diversification, credit worthy promoters who will be required to prove their commitment to the project by contributing at least 25% of the project cost excluding land, borrowers whose management capability, financial situation (including availability of collateral and guarantee), character and reputation are incontrovertible, clients with10 demonstrable ability to meet loan repayments and finally, borrowers with no record of unpaid loans to earlier development, finance institutions and other banks. The Nigerian Bank of Industry (BOI) Limited is built on the following operating principles; • Professionalism, excellence and integrity in the conduct of our business. • Long term partnership with clients, based on shared responsibilities for the success of enterprises. • Equitable commitment to the prosperity of all stakeholders. • Assurance of BOI’s viability, survival and capabilities. • Lending decisions based both on project’s expected viability and probability of loan repayment.

• Interest charges to cover cost of borrowing, risk and operating expenses. • Support of enterprises with potential to be profitable, competitive and sustainable and have substantial developmental impact. The development orientation at the Nigerian Bank of Industry (BOI) Limited emphasizes on prudent project selection and management. The bank, accordingly, supports quality projects with potential development impact. Because the bank is committed to having its impact felt in all parts of the country, it operates an office in each of Nigeria’s geo-political zones and FCT Abuja, Nigeria.

Nigerian Bank of Industry Limited assists projects to generate considerable multiplier effects such as job creation and poverty alleviation, both of which invariably enhance the social and economic condition of Nigerians. In view of the high priority the bank places on the developmental impact of its operations, BOI is eminently positioned to manage foreign grants and aids that are given to facilitate attainment of the nation’s developmental aspirations, the implementation of the National Economic Empowerment and Development Strategy (NEEDS), the realization of the Federal Government is sustainable pro-employment of 10% economic growth rate per annum and the Millennium Development Goals.11 CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Introduction The literature review contains the review of related literature as carried out by several scholars, authors, researchers and experts whose perspectives, discussions, opinions, conclusions and recommendations will guide the course of this study.

2.2 Conceptual Framework on Compensation Management In layman’s terms, the concept of compensation management can be explained as; “there is more to rewarding people than simply throwing money at them”. The concept of compensation management encourages employees to work harder while also helping to build a competitive atmosphere in the organization. Compensation management is the process of establishing and maintaining an equitable wage and salary structure, an equitable cost structure. It involves job evaluation, wage and salary survey, profit sharing and control of pay costs. According to Mulis ; Watson (2001), “the monetary value in an organization’s compensation plan is very key however, other non-monetary factors come into play and should also be considered when preparing adequate compensation plans in any organization”.

Thus, compensation management simply implies having an appropriate compensation plan where employees can be rewarded for the work they do. Armstrong ; Brown (2006), postulated that “compensation management is an integral part of human resource management as it seeks to address the long term issues relating to how people should be valued for what they desire to achieve”. Ezeh (2014), on the other hand described compensation management as a “segment of organizational management which is centered upon the planning, organizing, and controlling of all the direct and indirect payments employees are to receive for the work they do or service rendered”. Some objectives of compensation management includes; effective and efficient maintenance of a highly skilled and productive workforce, equitable pay, attracting efficient manpower in a competitive market, control of wages, salaries and labor costs by determining rate change and frequency of increment, maintaining satisfaction of employees by exhibiting fair, adequate and equitable remuneration, and, compliance with federal, state, and local laws and regulations.12 The conceptual framework of this study was adopted based on the key concepts of the literature reviewed in line with the dependent variable, compensation management and the independent variable, organizational commitment. Figure 1: A Conceptual Framework for the Relationship between Compensation Management and Organizational Commitment 2.3 Forms of Compensation When an organization’s compensation plan is effectively managed, it increases organizational performance, productivity and commitment of employees. Compensation does not include salary alone, it includes the sum total of all rewards and allowances provided to employees in return for their services.

“Compensation often provided to employees can either be direct (monetary benefits) or indirect (non-monetary benefits)” (NaukriHub, 2009). According to Supriyatin (2013), compensation refers to “the provision of fringe benefits provided by an organization to its employees, where the compensation is directly or indirectly received by the employees”. There are two main forms of compensation provided to employees which are; direct compensation and indirect compensation (Dessler, 2011). 2.3.1 Direct Compensation Direct compensation can be described as the monetary benefits offered to employees by an organization in return for the work they do or service they render. Dessler (2011), suggested that “direct compensation is usually limited to the direct cash benefits that employees receive on hourly, daily, weekly, quarterly or monthly basis for the services they render as employees of a particular organization”. Direct compensation typically includes base pay (salaries), merit pay (wages), incentive pay (bonuses, commissions, stock options, piece rate, profit sharing and shift differentials), and deferred pay (annuity, savings plan and stock purchase).

CO MPEN S ATIO N MAN AGEMEN T Direct Compensation Indirect Compensation In d ep en d en t Variab le Dependent Variable ORGANIZATIONAL CO MMITMEN T13 2.3.2 Indirect Compensation Indirect compensation can be described as the non-monetary benefits offered to employees by the organizations they serve. “Organizations tend to use indirect compensation to facilitate its recruitment and selection practices, influence the potential of employees coming to work for an organization, influence their stay and create a desire for employees to commit to the organization” (Chhabra, 2001). Indirect compensation is not paid directly to the employee but calculated as an additional component to the base salary figure. According to Dessler (2011), indirect compensation refers to “non-monetary benefits that employees receive for the work they do”.

Indirect compensation typically includes protection programs (pension, social security, disability income, life insurance and medical insurance), pay for time not worked (holidays, vacations, jury duty and sick leave), and services and perquisites (car, financial planning, recreational facilities and low-cost or free meals). 2.4 Conceptual Framework on Organizational Commitment Organizational commitment can be defined as the affiliation of employees to the organization and their willingness to be a part of an organization. Porter et al. (1974), defined organizational commitment as “believing and accepting the goals and values of an organization and, possessing and showing the desire to be part of the organization”. Employees who are committed to an organization often display strong intentions to serve their organizations and are low at intentions to leave. Buchanan (1974), emphasized that the “emotional attachment to the objectives and values of an organization is what can be referred to as organizational commitment in the workplace”. On the other hand, Wiener (1982), suggested organizational commitment to be the “aggregate internalized normative demands to perform in a manner which meets organizational objectives and interests”.

In view of the literature available one can say that for employees, organizational commitment can be considered as their belief in and acceptance of the organization’s goals and values, their desire to remain part of the organization, and act in ways that is beneficial for the organization. Initially, according to Allen ; Meyer (1984), organizational commitment was originally a two-dimensional concept namely; “affective commitment and continuance commitment”. Affective commitment can be described as the “positive feelings of identification with, attachment to, and involvement in the organization”. When an employee feels a desire to remain a member of an organization due to an emotional attachment to, and involvement with, that organization or14 simply put, the employee stays because he/she wants to then, that employee has an affective commitment for the organization. Continuance commitment on the other hand, can be described as the “extent to which employees feel committed to their organization by virtue of the costs that they feel are associated with leaving”. When an employee desires to remain a member of an organization due to the awareness of the costs associated with leaving for example salary, benefits, and promotions or simply put, the employee stays because he/she needs to then, that employee has a continuance commitment to the organization (Allen ; Meyer, 1984). However, further research by Allen ; Meyer (1991), added a third dimension to organizational commitment which is normative commitment.

Normative commitment can be described as the “employee’s feelings of obligation to remain with the organization”. When an employee desires to remain a member of an organization due to a feeling of obligation for example feeling a sense of debt owed to a colleague, a boss, or even a larger company or simply put, the employee stays because he/she ought to then, that employee has a normative commitment to the organization. “These dimensions of organizational commitment displayed by employees at their place of work generally depends on how they feel about their jobs” (Allen ; Meyer, 1991). 2.

5 Factors Affecting Organizational Commitment Organizational commitment in the workplace is dependent on a variety of factors. According to Colquitt et al. (2009), some of the “factors that affect organizational commitment includes; diversity of the workforce, the changing organizational culture, good working relationships within the organization, the management style of employers, job-related influences, personal characteristics of employees, organizational structure, better employment opportunities and the working environment”. 2.5.

1 Diversity of the Workforce According to Colquitt et al. (2009), “one of the most visible trends affecting the workplace is the increase in diversity of the work force”. As work groups become more diverse with respect to age, race, gender and national origin, there is a danger that minorities or older employees will find themselves on the fringe of such networks which potentially reduces their affective organizational commitment.

At the same time, foreign-born employees are likely to feel less15 embedded in their jobs, may perceive fewer links to their working environment and less fit with their geographic area. This feeling may reduce their sense of continuance organizational commitment. 2.5.2 Changing Organizational Culture The changes in an organization’s culture occurs often as a result of changes in leadership, mergers and acquisitions, or, downsizing in organizations which makes it more challenging to retain valued employees (Colquitt et al., 2009).

The most obvious challenge that comes with such changes is maintaining an affective organizational commitment because certain negative emotions can be stimulated by these changes which in turn reduces an employee’s emotional attachment to the organization. Another challenge with a changing organizational culture is maintaining normative organizational commitment because the sense that people should stay with their employer erodes when an organization is downsized. 2.5.3 Good Working Relationships within the Organization An organization can be described as a workplace environment which consists of individuals who work together by utilizing the available resources to achieve organizational goals and objectives. These individuals, the employers and employees, often develop certain working relationships as they work together. Some of such relationships are supervisory relationships, groups, teams and many more. When the individuals of an organization experience a positive working relationship amongst one another, a sense of mutual respect which allows them to commit themselves to the organization they serve will be formed.

2.5.4 The Management Style of Employers The style of leadership that the management of an organization adopts to coordinate the activities of its employees greatly affects the commitment of employees to the organization. A suitable management style encourages employee involvement in organizational activities which helps to satisfy their desire for advancement, responsibility, achievement, recognition, empowerment and demand for commitment to organizational goals, aspirations and objectives.

Zeffane (1994), suggested that, “to develop employee commitment, morale, loyalty, and attachment to an organization, managers exhibit certain leadership qualities that will motivate and encourage the employees to work harder”.16 2.5.5 Job-related Influences Several job-related influences such as job effort, promotional opportunities, absenteeism, level of responsibility, accountability, withdrawal behaviors, turnover, performance, job role etc. tend to adequately affect organizational commitment.

According to Curry et al. (1986), “an ambiguous job role may lead to a lack of commitment and promotional opportunities can enhance or diminish organizational commitment”. Baron ; Greenberg (1990), also stated that “the higher the level of responsibility of a given job, the less monotonous and more exciting it becomes, and, the higher the level of commitment expressed by the employee performing the job”. Therefore, it is necessary that employees are held responsible and accountable for the work they do and level of productivity they deliver to allow them some semblance of motivation, desire and willingness to commit to the organization they serve. 2.5.6 Personal Characteristics of Employees Organizational commitment can be affected by employees’ personal characteristics such as age, sex, race, education, and experience (Allen & Meyer, 1991). According to Baron & Greenberg (1990), “more experienced and older employees who are satisfied with their personal levels of work performance tend to exhibit higher levels of organizational commitment than employees with less experience and low satisfaction in performance”.

This implies that older people tend to be more committed to an organization than younger employees. 2.5.7 Organizational Structure The structure of an organization also plays an important role in organizational commitment for instance, bureaucratic organizations tend to have a negative effect on organizational commitment. According to Zeffane (1994), “the removal of bureaucratic barriers and the creation of more flexible structures within an organization is more likely to contribute to the enhancement of organizational commitment in terms of employee loyalty and attachment to the organization”.

2.5.8 Better Employment Opportunities According to Curry et al. (1986), “the existence of employment opportunities can affect organizational commitment in the workplace”. “Employees who believe that they stand a chance of finding a better job become less committed to the organization they serve. But, when17 there is lack of other employment opportunities, the level of organizational commitment is high” (Vandenberghe et al.

, 2002). “More often, membership in organizations is usually based on continuance commitment, where employees are continuously calculating the risks of staying and leaving” (Allen & Meyer, 1991). 2.5.

9 The Working Environment The working environment is also another factor that affects organizational commitment. Some factors that can affect the working environment of organizations are organizational ownership and human resource practices (recruitment and selection). “When employers and employees are stockholders within the organization, it gives them a sense of belonging and importance” (Klein, 1987). According to Subramaniam & Mia (2001), “managers who participate in the decision-making process of an organization tend to have a high level of organizational commitment than managers who do not have the chance to participate”. 2.6 Relating Compensation Management to Organizational Commitment According to Bhattacharya & Sengupta (2014), “compensation is the remuneration received by an employee in return for his/her contribution to the organization. It is an important aspect of human resource management that enables organizations to motivate their employees and enhance overall organizational effectiveness, performance, and commitment. Adequate compensation packages also serves the need for attracting and retaining the best employees”.

Tessema & Soeters (2006), described compensation as a “critical component of the employment relationship which includes direct payments and indirect payments in the form of employee benefits and incentives used to motivate employees to strive for higher levels of productivity”. An adequate compensation package often motivates and satisfies employees thus, organizations always strive to ensure that employees are well-paid. Compensation management is one of the main essence of human resource management practices and it typically includes salary, wages, incentives, bonuses, perquisites, fringe benefits, commissions etc. It can be described as a systematic approach to providing monetary value to employees in exchange for work done or service rendered. It requires integrating employees’ processes and information with organizational processes, activities and strategies to achieve organizational goals and objectives. Ash (1993), described compensation management as an “essential tool needed to integrate employees’ efforts with strategic business18 objectives by encouraging the employees to do the right things thereby improving overall efficiency at the workplace”.

According to Wiley (2007), “the easiest way to boost and increase the morale, productivity, and work quality of employees in an organization is to effectively reward the employees”. It is therefore very important to remember that developing and implementing a meaningful and cost-effective compensation policy is one of the crucial challenges faced by organizations. “Employees generally prefer jobs that reward them on the basis of what they perceive as economically justifiable” (Robbins, 2005). “Adequate compensation management plans sends a clear message to the employees of an organization informing them about expected attitudes and behaviors and how those attitudes and behaviors will be rewarded” (Schell ; Solomon, 1997). This means that, effective compensation management is one of the surest ways organizations can motivate their employees to do better and influence their performance. Appropriate compensation management tends to motivate employees to remain loyal to the organization and in turn, the organizational performance increases. “Higher compensation packages tend to retain employees because such employees are more satisfied, committed and loyal” (Chiu et al., 2002).

This means that when employees feel they are not being rewarded as expected, it will decrease their job satisfaction and their motivation may suffer, leading to low morale, low quality performance and low organizational commitment. A good, consistent and reliable compensation management system benefits an organization and its employees in several ways such as increased job satisfaction – employees tend to be satisfied with their work and strive to do more when the organization rewards their efforts fairly and adequately, improved motivation to work – when an organization’s compensation plan satisfies the needs, wants, and desires of its employees, the employees are more likely to act in a positive way and increase their productivity, reduced absenteeism – adequately managed compensation policies encourages employees with the zeal, drive and enthusiasm to work harder and be more productive on the job, decrease in turnover – when employees are adequately compensated for the work they do, they become willing to remain with the organization they work for and exhibit loyalty to the organization.19 2.7 Theoretical Review Understanding the relationship between compensation management and organizational commitment would require an analysis of some motivational theories.

The theoretical review will look into theories formulated with respect to the field of compensation management and how it can affect organizational commitment. The main theories discussed for the purpose of this study are the equity theory, expectancy theory and the need theory. 2.7.1 Equity Theory The equity theory postulated by John Adams in 1963 says that an employee who perceives inequity in his/her rewards seeks to restore equity. The theory states that people will be better motivated if they are treated equitably and demotivated if they are treated inequitably. Equity theory is concerned with people’s perceptions of how they are being treated in relation to others.

To be dealt with equitably is to be treated fairly in comparison with another group of people (a reference group) or a relevant other person. Equity involves feelings and perceptions, and it is always a comparative process. It is not synonymous with equality, which means treating everyone alike.

That would be inequitable if they deserved to be treated differently. Equity theory is linked with the “felt-fair” principle as defined by Jaques (1961), which states in effect that pay systems will be fair if they are felt to be fair. The theory emphasizes equity in the pay structure of employees’ remuneration and provides the view that the behavior of employee is largely influenced by the extent to which the employee interprets fairness in compensation or rewards for his/her input. Employees’ perceptions of how they are being treated by their organizations are of utmost importance to them.

The dictum “a fair day work for a fair day pay” is a sense of equity felt by employees. When employees perceive inequity, it can result in lower productivity, higher absenteeism, or increase in turnover. According to the equity theory, employees tend to reflect on the ratio of their inputs and outputs to that of other employees. When there is a perceived imbalance, it often leads to conflicts and dissatisfaction in the workplace such employees may feel inclined to take actions such as decreasing their inputs, negotiating higher pay, or ultimately leaving the organization (Adams, 1963). Equity theory acknowledges that motivation does not just depend on one’s own beliefs and circumstances but also on what happens to other people. More specifically, equity theory suggests that employees create a20 “mental ledger” of the outcomes (or rewards) they get from their job duties and the inputs (or contributions and investments) they put into their job duties (Colquitt et al., 2009). 2.

7.2 Expectancy Theory The expectancy theory which was first proposed by Victor Vroom in 1964 focuses on the link between rewards and behavior. It predicts that an individual will act in a certain way based on the expectation that the act will be followed by a given outcome and on the attractiveness of that outcome to the individual. The expectancy theory describes the cognitive process that employees go through to make choices among different voluntary responses (Vroom, 1964). It states that the actions of an individual are driven by expected consequences and motivation is the product of expectancy, instrumentality, and valence.

The Vroom’s expectancy theory can be expressed with the equation: Motivation = (Expectancy) × (Instrumentality) × (Valence) Expectancy refers to the belief that an employees’ increase in effort will lead to an increase in productivity. It is usually affected by available resources e.g.

raw materials, time, money, skills, support (supervisor support or correct information on the job) and so on. Expectancy (E?P) represents the belief that exerting a high level of effort will result in the successful performance of some task (Colquitt et al., 2009). More technically, it is a subjective probability, ranging from 0 (no chance) to 1 (mortal lock) that a specific amount of effort will result in a specific level of performance. Instrumentality refers to the belief that if an employee performs well, a valued outcome will be received.

It is usually affected by a clear understanding of the relationship between performance and outcomes, mutual trust in the employers who will take the decisions on who gets what outcome, and fairness and transparency of the process that decides who gets what outcome. Instrumentality (P?O) represents the belief that successful performance will result in some outcome(s) (Colquitt et al., 2009).

More technically, it is a set of subjective probabilities, each ranging from 0 (no chance) to 1 (mortal lock) that a successful performance will bring a set of outcomes. The term instrumentality makes sense because when you consider the meaning of the adjective “instrumental”. We say something is instrumental when it helps attain something else.21 Finally, valence refers to the importance that an employee places upon an expected outcome. For valence to be positive, the employee must prefer attaining the outcome to not attaining it.

It reflects the anticipated value of the outcomes associated with performance. Valences can be positive, negative or zero. Salary increases, bonuses and more informal rewards are typical examples of “positively valenced” outcomes, whereas disciplinary actions, demotions, and terminations are typical examples of “negatively valenced” outcomes (Colquitt et al.

, 2009). This way, employees are more motivated when successful performance helps them attain attractive outcomes, such as bonuses, while helping them avoid unattractive outcomes, such as disciplinary actions. 2.7.3 Need Theory The basis of the need theory as postulated by Abraham Maslow in 1954 is the belief that an unsatisfied need creates tension and disequilibrium. To restore the balance a goal is identified that will satisfy the need, and a behaviour pathway is selected that will lead to the achievement of the goal. All behaviors are therefore motivated by unsatisfied needs. Not all needs are equally important to a person at any one time (Maslow, 1954).

Some may constitute a more powerful drive towards a goal than others, depending on the individual’s background and situation. Complexity is increased because there is no simple relationship between needs and goals. The same need could be satisfied by a number of different goals. The stronger the need and the longer its duration, the broader the range of possible goals. At the same time, one goal may satisfy a number of needs. A new car provides transport as well as an opportunity to impress the neighbours.

The best-known contributor to needs theory is Abraham Maslow who formulated the concept of a hierarchy of needs, which starts from the fundamental physiological needs and leads through safety, social and esteem needs to the need for self-fulfilment, the highest need of all. In the words of Maslow, “man is a wanting animal and only an unsatisfied need can motivate behavior”, and the dominant need is the prime motivator of behavior. This is the best-known theory of needs, but it has never been verified by empirical research. 2.7.4 Selected Theory for the Study The theory selected for the purpose of this research is the equity theory.

The equity approach recognizes that individuals are concerned not only with the absolute amount of money they are22 paid for their efforts but also with the relationship of this amount to what others are paid. They make judgement as to the relationship between their inputs and outputs with the inputs and outputs of others. “Based on one’s inputs such as effort, education and competence, one compares their outputs such as salary levels, raises and other factors with the outputs of others and when an imbalance in their input output ratio relative to others is perceived, tension is created” (Hills et al., 1994).

Such comparison may result in lower productivity, withdrawal behaviors, low commitment, increased absenteeism etc. This tension provides the basis for motivation, as one strives for what he perceives as equity and fairness. “To get relief, the employee may decrease his inputs while holding his output constant, or increase his outputs while holding inputs constant, possibly resulting in fighting the system, increased absenteeism, or other undesirable behaviors” (Colquitt et al., 2009).

This is in line with the work of Adams (1963), who stated that “if an organization’s first goal of attracting capable employees into the organization is to be achieved, the personnel must perceive that the compensation offered is fair and equitable”. Equity is concerned with felt justice according to natural law or right. Homan’s exchange theory predicts greater feelings of equity between people whose exchanges are in equilibrium. According to Adams (1963), “when an employee receives compensation from the employer, perceptions of equity are affected by two elements namely; the ratio of compensation to one’s inputs of fort, education, training, endurance of adverse working conditions, and so on, and, the comparison of this ratio with the perceived ratios of significant other people with whom direct contact is made”.

Equity usually exists when a person perceives that the ratio of outcomes to inputs is in equilibrium both internally with respect to self and in relation to others. Employees’ contributions exceed their outcomes of money resulting dissatisfaction often leads to efforts to re-establish equilibrium, such as “borrowing” from the supply room to increase rewards, trying to adversely affect the effort and pay of others, convincing self that pay is not out of line, quitting or frequently absenting oneself from the organization, promoting labor organization, and so on. “The equity theory has been used to motivate employees based on the level of needs the employee is looking to fulfil” (Samad, 2007). It is a general practice the world over that employees make comparisons between themselves and their co-workers.

They perceive what they get from a job situation (outputs) in relation to what they must put into it (inputs). They also compare their output-input ratio with the output-23 input ratio of their fellow-workers. “If a person’s ratio and that of others are perceived to be equal a state of equity is said to exist. If they are unequal, inequity exists i.e., the individual considers himself as under rewarded or over rewarded” (Adams, 1963).

According to Mathis & Jackson (2011), “when an employee perceives a form of inequity in his/her pay, such an employee may; leave the job, engage in withdrawal behaviors, choose a different comparison referent, or even distort either his own or others’ inputs or outputs. This forms the basis of which the equity theory was chosen as the selected theory to guide this study. 2.8 Empirical Review There have been so many studies by different scholars, authors, researchers and experts exploring the relationship between the concept of compensation management and its impact on job satisfaction, employee performance, organizational performance and organizational commitment. Even though the conclusions of the literature review are slightly different, the positive relationship between compensation and organizational commitment is still being pointed out. Some of such studies and their conclusions includes Frye (2004), Nazir et al. (2013), Osibanjo et al. (2014), Riaz et al.

(2016), Idemobi et al. (2011), and so many more. Nazir et al. (2013), investigated the relationship between compensation organizational commitment in the UK higher education sectors. The study focused on the academic staff at two universities of technology and a quantitative research approach was employed with a semi-structured questionnaire comprising a 5-point likert scale to determine the influence of compensation on organizational commitment.

Questionnaires were administered to 279 sample respondents of academic staff. Data was obtained from the 225 respondents and yielded a response rate of 78%. The data collected from the responses were analysed with the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) and AMOS, version 24.0 for windows.

Three main data analysis techniques were employed for the analysis of the study namely; descriptive statistics, confirmatory factor analysis and structural equation modelling (SEM). The scholars concluded that employees are social agents needed to run educational institutions and the UK higher education system provides financial and non-financial rewards to employees which motivates and encourages them to put in their best effort in their jobs. Idemobi et al. (2011), explored the extent to which compensation management can be used as a tool for improving organizational performance in a typical public sector organization24 specifically focusing on the Anambra State Nigerian Civil Service. The study also aimed to determine if efforts of the employees were commensurated with financial compensations.

A Pearson’s product moment correlation coefficient of 0.995 was found during the data analysis and a Z-test score of 1.28 was found which revealed the significance of the coefficient of correlation at a 5% level of significance. The scholars revealed that financial compensation for staff members in the public service do not have a significant effect on their performance and that financial compensation received were not commensurated with staff efforts. The study further found that reform programmes of the government do not have a significant effect on the financial compensation policies and practices in the public sector due to poor compensation management.

Based on the findings, it was recommended that for any public service organization such as the Anambra State of Nigeria Civil Service Commission to improve the performance of employees, they should offer financial compensation that will be specifically designed to link it with performance. Osibanjo et al. (2014), analyzed the impact of compensation on the job performance and retention of employees at a private university in Ogun State. The aim of the study was to examine the effect of compensation packages on employees’ job performance and retention in a private university in Ogun State, Nigeria.

A model was developed and tested using 111 questionnaires which were completed by academic and non-academic staff of the university. The collected data were carefully analyzed using simple percentage supported by structural equation modelling to test the hypotheses and relationships that existed among the dependent and independent variables. The results revealed a strong relationship between compensation packages and employees’ performance and retention. The summary of the findings indicated a strong correlation between the tested dependent and independent variables (salary, bonus, incentives, allowances, and fringe benefits). The scholars recommended that, management and decision makers should endeavour to review compensation packages at various levels in order to earn employees’ satisfaction and prevention of high labour turnover among the members of staff.

Frye (2004), examined the concept of equity-based compensation and its effect on organizational performance. Using two samples, the researcher discovered that firms have come to rely more heavily on equity-based compensation than in the past. A significant, positive relation between Tobin’s q and the percentage of employee compensation that is25 equity-based was discovered within the sample of the study. Frye concluded the research based on the data collected and analyzed that there is a positive relationship between the two variables and equity-based compensation motivates employers to increase organizational value. Frye further argued that, for human capital intensive organizations, compensation plays a crucial role in attracting and retaining highly skilled employees. Opkara (2004), conducted a research on the impact of compensation and leadership on job satisfaction.

A sample of 360 IT managers were selected from business organizations in Nigeria were used for the research. The results from the findings of the study suggested that IT managers were satisfied with their job, co-workers and supervision, whereas they were dissatisfied with their pay and the promotion system. The results of the regression analyses utilized during the data analysis also showed that personal characteristics, compensation and leadership were significant predictors of job satisfaction. Okpara concluded that if employees are satisfied with their work environment, compensation and leadership, they will improve their productivity and be more committed to their organization. Riaz et al. (2016), studied the impact of job stress on employee loyalty. The study was conducted at the nursing sector of DHQ Hospital of Okara, Pakistan. Using the simple random sampling technique, questionnaires were distributed to a sample size consists of 100 nurses and the responses were analyzed he using the SPSS software.

The Cronbach’s alpha, Pearson correlation coefficient and regression analysis were used to interpret the data collected. Results from the findings of the study revealed that job stress positively impact on employee loyalty. The researchers also concluded that compensation in the form of salaries and incentives effectively enhances motivation of employees and attracts and maintain the employees efficiently. Callahan ; Rutledge (1995), studied the impact of compensation policy on organizational performance. Both scholars reported and concluded that compensation is most significantly related to firm size and short-term profit divided by sales or performance. They further interpreted their data and results as an indication that compensation is not directed toward long-term maximization of shareholder wealth. Aslam et al.

(2015), examined the effect of reward and compensation system on the performance of employees in Pakistan’s banking sector. The researchers analyzed the study and data collected using the ANOVA and linear regression26 analysis and concluded that rewards, benefits, incentives, salary and compensation shows a great effect on the performance of employees by boosting the efficiency of employees. These studies and many more indicates that the concept of compensation and compensation management, is closely related to the formation of job satisfaction, organizational performance and organizational commitment in the workplace. Appropriate and adequate remuneration often motivates employees to work harder to satisfy their needs and in turn not only commit to the organization they serve but also achieve organizational goals and objectives. 2.9 Gap to be filled in the Literature Every employee joins an organization with certain motives and expectations like security, good working conditions, psychological needs, better prospects and so on. Financial institutions play a vital role in the economy and industrial sector of a country such as encouraging industrial production and creating value by manufacturing and processing the country’s businesses activities as well as providing business support services to entrepreneurs. “Adequately compensating employees who serve such organizations is of utmost importance as it tends to motivate them to put in their best and achieve success” (Noble ; Mokwa, 1999).

Organizational commitment on the other hand, is of real importance for organizations in the corporate world. Researchers and theorists differentiate organizational commitment from job commitment, which refers to the involvement of a person into his profession, whereas organizational commitment refers to the intentions of employees to remain the part of an organization as a whole. Organizational commitment leads to retaining employees and attaining better levels of their performance. These two concepts, compensation management and organizational commitment, are of utmost importance to most managers. It is evident that appropriate and adequate compensation management has a significant relationship on organizational performance and commitment. However, the various literature reviewed is low on development financial institutions in Nigeria like the Nigerian Bank of Industry Limited.

Therefore, this study aims to fill that gap. Commitment in organizations like the Nigerian Bank of Industry (BOI) Limited is an important concept that is necessary for management to investigate in order to ensure the wellbeing and welfare of its employees.27 CHAPTER THREE: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 3.1 Introduction This study is aimed at examining the impact of compensation management on organizational commitment in a Nigerian public sector, using the Nigerian Bank of Industry Limited as a case study. This chapter focuses on the methods employed in the study for the collection of data, describing the choice and description of instruments used for data collection, the population under study, and, the sample size and sampling procedure. 3.2 Research Design A research design can be described as the specification of the method for collecting and analyzing data needed for a research study.

“A research design assists in generating primary and secondary data needed for the analysis, discussions, conclusions and recommendations of a research study” (Burns ; Bush, 2006). The research design also helps to ascertain the relationship between the independent variable and the dependent variable. “A research design is a set of advanced decisions that makes up the master plan specifying the methods and procedures for collecting and analyzing the needed information. Knowledge of the needed research design allows the researcher to plan in advance so that the study may be conducted in less time and save costs” (Burns ; Bush, 2006). For the purpose of this study, the researcher used the exploratory research design. This type of research design refers to a systematic method of data collection that explores the relationship between the independent and dependent variables. According to Burns ; Bush (2006), “an exploratory research design involves gathering information in an informal and unstructured manner”.

This research design was chosen because it is an effective, cheap, easy-to-conduct approach that is often used in data collection. The exploratory research design obtains information by gathering data from a sample population under study with the use of questionnaires and, secondary data is relied on for background information. 3.

3 Population of the Study “A population refers to the entire group under study as specified by the research objectives of a research study” (Burns ; Bush, 2006). The population of this study consists of the entire staff at Nigerian Bank of Industry Limited. The total number of employees at the Nigerian28 Bank of Industry (BOI) Limited retrieved from the Human Resource Department records as at December 2017 is four hundred and sixty eight (468). 3.

4 Sample and Sampling Procedure “A sample refers to the subset of the population that suitably represents the entire group under study” (Burns ; Bush, 2006). Since the study is focused on the impact of compensation management towards organizational commitment at the Nigerian Bank of Industry Limited, it is important to select a sample size that forms a significant representative of the total staff at Nigerian Bank of Industry Limited. The sampling procedure used to collect data for this study is the simple random sampling procedure.

This procedure was chosen because it provides each employee in the sample population an equal and independent chance of being selected and it is often appropriate when responses are expected to vary across the sample population. The employees sampled from the total population comprised of assistant banking officers, banking officers, senior banking officers, assistant managers, deputy managers, managers, senior managers, principal managers, assistant general managers, deputy general managers and general managers at the organization. Slovin’s 1960 formula, which shows the relationship between the total population and the sample size, was used to determine the actual sample size selected from the population under study. The Slovin’s formula is expressed as thus: Where; 1 is a constant value, n is the sample size, N is the population size and e is the error tolerance or margin of error to be decided by the researcher. Using the total population of 468 employees at Bank of Industry and an error tolerance of 5%, the sample size was therefore calculated as follows: N = 468, e = 5% = 0.05 n = 215.

6 n ? 21629 This describes how the actual sample size of 216 was selected as a representative of the total population to be sampled for the study. Thus, questionnaires were randomly distributed to 216 employees at Nigerian Bank of Industry (BOI) Limited. 3.5 Data Collection Method The data used for the purpose of this study was collected from primary and secondary sources. “Primary data refers to information that is developed or gathered by the researcher specifically for the research under study. Secondary data refers to data that have been previously gathered by someone other than the researcher and/or for some other purpose than the research under study” (Burns ; Bush, 2006). For the secondary source of data, the researcher made use of secondary information from textbooks, journals, published sources and online documents. For the primary source of data, a drop-off survey was conducted by the researcher.

A drop-off survey, sometimes called drop and collect, is a self-administered survey in which the researcher approaches a prospective participant, introduces the general purpose of the survey, and leaves it with the participant to fill out on his or her own. “Drop-off surveys must be self-explanatory because they are left with the participants to fill without assistance” (Burns ; Bush, 2006). To appreciate the impact of compensation management on the organizational commitment among employees at the Nigerian Bank of Industry Limited, questionnaires were used to collect primary data. The questionnaires were distributed personally by the researcher to the sample population with a cover letter attached to the questionnaire explaining the aim of the study, instructions for completing the questionnaire and reassurance of the respondents’ confidentiality of any personal information disclosed. The reason questionnaires was chosen as a method of data collection is because it allowed the researcher to collect back the completed questionnaires in a short period of time while saving cost. Questionnaires are an efficient and effective way to obtain data from a large number of respondents (Sekaran & Bougie, 2010).

The questionnaire was self-explanatory and respondents completed it individually and anonymously with little/no supervision. The questionnaire was structured into four sections; 1. Section A aimed to obtain information about respondents’ general information which included gender, marital status, designation, and years of work experience.30 2. Sections B, C and D was structured in line with the research objectives, questions, hypothesis of the study in order to determine the respondents’ perspective on the forms of BOI’s compensation policy, the extent of compensation management at BOI and finally, the extent of organizational commitment at BOI. A five-point likert-type scale was used to rate respondents’ responses. The ratings used were defined as follows: 1 = Strongly Disagree, 2 = Disagree, 3 = Neutral, 4 = Agree and 5 = Strongly Agree. Respondents were required to select the rating that was best suited to answer each question.

3.6 Data Analysis Method One of the most common data analysis tool used by most researchers is the Statistical Package of the Social Sciences (SPSS). With this study, the researcher used the SPSS software, version 25.0, to analyze all of the data gathered and collected. Descriptive and analytical techniques were used for the analysis of the collected data.

The descriptive techniques used were frequencies, percentages, mean and standard deviation which displays the variation and dispersion of all the data collected and analyzed while the analytical techniques used to analyze the data were Pearson correlation coefficient and linear regression analysis. The Pearson correlation coefficients measures the degree of linear association and direction between two variables into a number ranging from – 1.0 to + 1.0. According to Burns & Bush (2006), “a positive correlation coefficient signals an increasing linear relationship whereas, a negative correlation coefficient signals a decreasing relationship between the two variables”. Linear regression analysis on the other hand, is a predictive analysis technique in which one or more variables are used to predict the level of another variable with the use of a straight line formula. “Linear regression analysis is directly related to correlation by the underlying straight line relationship whereby the independent variable is used to predict the dependent variable” (Burns & Bush, 2006). To test the understated hypotheses of the study, the researcher used the one-sample t-test on the SPSS software.

The one-sample t-test is a statistical procedure used to determine whether a sample comes from a population with a specific mean. With all hypothesis tests, the sample is the only source of current information about the population therefore, the sample results are31 used to determine if the hypothesis about the population is accepted or rejected (Burns & Bush, 2006). Specifically, “the one-sample t-test compares a sample mean (computed from a set of observed values) to a hypothesized mean and determines the likelihood that the observed difference between the sample and hypothesized mean occurs by chance. The chance is reported as p-value” (Burns & Bush, 2006). 3.

7 Limitations of the Methodology 1) As expected, employees tend to be reluctant to disclose information about their jobs for fear of being discovered in the future, especially when it borders on the job and organization they serve. Thus, convincing the respondents about the study been strictly for research purpose posed a challenge. 2) The study was limited to the Nigerian Bank of Industry(BOI) Limited, to determine the impact of compensation management on organizational commitment with a total sample size of only 155 employees of the bank, so the findings cannot be over generalized. 3) All elements of the study were computed on the basis of the perceptions of employees regarding their compensation and organizational commitment. This study is limited to use of the employees’ perceptional measures. It is possible that the exposure and working environment at BOI contributed significantly to their perceptions of the influence of compensation policy on organizational commitment. 4) Budgetary constraints also played a constraining part in the conduction of the study because data was gathered from only one sector of the many Development Finance Institutes available in Nigeria and thus, the results cannot be deemed as fully useful for the rest of the sectors. 5) The procedure used for the data collection in this study is very common.

The data collection was done by questionnaire method. Other data collection methods could have been considered for the research purpose some of which includes; group discussions, observations, situational analysis etc. 6) The study was conducted in the perspective of compensation management and its impact on organizational commitment. There are a number of other dimensions that could have been considered in this study such as employee turnover intentions, employee productivity, job satisfaction, training and development, and many other human resource practices.32 CHAPTER FOUR: ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION OF RESULTS 4.1 Introduction This chapter is focused on the analysis of all the data collected from the drop-off survey using the questionnaires.

It includes the frequency distribution tables, the linear regression analysis as well as the interpretations made from the analysis of all the collected data. 4.2 Overview of Data Collection A total of 216 questionnaires were distributed randomly to the selected staff of the sample population.

However, only a total 155 questionnaires were fully completed and returned in due time by the respondents to the researcher. 48 out of the 216 questionnaires were disregarded and considered as ineligible for use for the study due to incomplete responses from the respondents and, 13 questionnaires were not returned by some respondents due to their tight work schedules, refusal to participate or their inability to complete the questionnaire. 4.3 Response Rate 155 questionnaires out of the 216 distributed were used in the analysis of the study. The response rate was calculated as thus: × 100 = 0.717% ? 72% This means that the study achieved a response rate of approximately 72% indicating a reliable response rate. 4.4 Analysis of Data The analysis of data was conducted with the data developed from the primary and secondary data collection sources.

The analysis was conducted to examine the impact of compensation management on organizational commitment at BOI. Descriptive and analytical techniques on the SPSS software were applied to determine the mean, standard deviation, frequency, percentages, correlation coefficients and linear regression analysis of the variables. These statistics were used to evaluate the nature, variation, dispersion, strength and direction of the33 relationship of the study variables. Finally, the one-sample t-test on the SPSS software was applied to test the understated hypotheses of the study. 4.

4.1 General Information of Respondents Section A of the questionnaire required the respondents to provide information about their sex, age, marital status, designation, educational qualification and number of working years at BOI. The table below represents the distribution of the respondents’ general information. Table 1: General Information of Respondents VARIABLE FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE (%) GENDER Male 73 47.1 Female 82 52.9 Total 155 100 MARITAL STATUS Single 39 25.

2 Married 76 49.0 Divorced 30 19.4 Widowed 10 6.5 Total 155 100 DESIGNATION Junior level 83 53.

5 Middle level 58 37.4 Senior level 14 9.0 Total 155 100 WORK EXPERIENCE Less than 1 yr 42 27.1 1 to 5 yrs 67 43.2 5 to 10 yrs 39 25.2 More than 10 yrs 7 4.5 Total 155 100 Source: Field Survey, SPSS (April, 2018). From the results in Table 1; the gender distribution indicated that out of the 155 respondents, 73 were males representing 47.1% and 82 were females representing 52.9% of the sample population. The marital status data indicated that 39 of the respondents were single representing 25.2%, 76 out of the respondents were married representing 49.0%, 30 of the respondents were divorced representing 19.4% and finally, 10 of the respondents were widowed representing 6.5% of the sample population. The designation distribution indicated that 83 of the respondents were junior level staff representing 53.5%, 58 were middle level staff representing34 37.4%, and only 14 were senior level staff representing 9.0% of the sample population. Finally, the data from the work experience of employees indicated that 42 of the respondents have served with BOI for less than a year representing 27.1%, 67 respondents have served with BOI for a period of 1 to 5 yrs representing 43.2%, 39of the respondents have served with BOI for a period of 5 to 10 years representing 25.2%, and only 7 of the respondents have served with BOI for more than 10 years. 4.4.2 Forms of Compensation at BOI Section B of the questionnaire was structured to determine the respondents’ view on the direct and indirect compensation policy at BOI. The results of the respondents’ view on the direct compensation policy at BOI are represented in Table 2a. Table 2a: Direct Compensation at BOI VARIABLE SD D N A SA Mean Sd Financial rewards are reflective of individual skills and efforts 0 (0%) 11 (7.1%) 5 (3.2%) 38 (24.5%) 101 (65.2%) 4.477 0.862 Financial rewards compares favorably to that provided in similar firms 17 (11.0%) 18 (11.6%) 3 (1.9%) 41 (26.5%) 76 (49.0%) 3.909 1.402 Financial rewards includes allowances for extra duties and responsibilities 2 (1.3%) 2 1.3%) 1 (0.6%) 62 (4.0%) 88 (56.8%) 4.496 0.705 Financial rewards are reviewed to accommodate market changes 5 (3.2%) 2 (1.3%) 0 (0%) 63 (40.6%) 85 (54.8%) 4.425 0.844 BOI takes care of taxes before employees’ base pay is provided 1 (0.6%) 3 (1.9%) 1 (0.6%) 63 (40.6%) 87 (56.1%) 4.496 0.677 Profit sharing is done in the bank at the end of each year 6 (3.9%) 5 (3.2%) 0 (0%) 65 (41.9%) 79 (51.0%) 4.329 0.940 I am satisfied with the financial rewards I receive at BOI 23 (14.8%) 12 (7.7%) 1 (0.6%) 54 (34.8%) 65 (41.9%) 3.812 1.431 SD = Strongly Disagree, D = Disagree, N = Neutral, A = Agree, SA = Strongly Agree, Sd = Standard Deviation Source: Field Survey, SPSS (April, 2018). From the results in Table 2a, about 89.7% of the respondents indicated that the financial rewards provided at BOI are reflective of their individual skills and efforts (4.477); some of the respondents also answered in the affirmative that the financial rewards they receive at BOI compares favourably to that provided in similar organizations (3.909); more than half of the respondents also indicated that BOI includes allowances for extra duties and responsibilities35 (4.496); some of the respondents also indicated that the financial rewards of the firm are reviewed to accommodate market changes (4.425). Finally, most of the respondents also noted that; BOI takes care of employees’ taxes (4.496); profit sharing is done at the bank (4.329); and 76.7% of the respondents indicated that they are satisfied with the financial rewards they are being offered at BOI (3.812). The results of the respondents’ view on the indirect compensation policy at BOI are represented in Table 2b. Table 2b: Indirect Compensation at BOI VARIABLE SD D N A SA Mean Sd Non-financial rewards are adequate enough to satisfy my needs 7 (4.5%) 7 (4.5%) 0 (0%) 47 (30.3%) 94 (60.6%) 4.380 1.027 Non-financial rewards compares favorably to that of similar firms 10 (6.5%) 6 (3.9%) 0 (0%) 57 (36.8%) 82 (52.9%) 4.258 1.098 Non-financial rewards includes protection programs 6 (3.9%) 7 (4.5%) 0 (0%) 61 (39.4%) 81 (52.3%) 4.316 0.978 Non-financial rewards at BOI provides pay for time not worked 7 (4.5%) 5 (3.2%) 0 (0%) 66 (42.6%) 77 (49.7%) 4.296 0.974 Non-financial rewards includes services and perquisites 15 (9.7%) 18 (11.6%) 1 (0.6%) 55 (35.5%) 66 (42.6%) 3.896 1.329 I am satisfied with the non-financial rewards I receive at BOI 0 (0%) 1 (0.6%) 7 (4.5%) 67 (43.2%) 80 (51.6%) 4.458 0.616 SD = Strongly Disagree, D = Disagree, N = Neutral, A = Agree, SA = Strongly Agree, Sd = Standard Deviation Source: Field Survey, SPSS (April, 2018). From the results in Table 2b, 90.9% of the respondents indicated that the non-financial rewards provided at BOI are adequate enough to satisfy their needs (4.380); 89.7% of the respondents also indicated that the non-financial rewards they receive compares favourably to that provided in similar organizations (4.258); about 91.7% of the respondents answered to the affirmative that the non-financial rewards at BOI includes protection programs such as pensions, insurance etc. (4.316); 92.3% of the respondents indicated that BOI non-financial rewards provides pay for time not worked e.g. sick leaves, holidays etc. (4.296); and about 78.1% of the respondents indicated that BOI’s non-financial rewards includes services and perquisites e.g. the use f the company car, low-cost meals etc. (3.896). Finally, 94.8% of the respondents expressed their satisfaction with the non-financial rewards they receive at BOI (4.458).36 4.4.3 Compensation Management at BOI Section C of the questionnaire required the respondents to provide their insight on the overall compensation management at BOI. The results of the respondents’ view on the compensation management at BOI are represented in Table 3. Table 3: Compensation Management at BOI VARIABLE SD D N A SA Mean Sd BOI has a well-organized compensation system 6 (3.9%) 5 (3.2%) 1 (0.6%) 65 (41.9%) 78 (50.3%) 4.316 0.944 The existing compensation system is applicable to all the employees 69 (44.5%) 44 (28.4%) 11 (7.1%) 20 (12.9%) 11 (7.1%) 2.096 1.293 BOI communicates its compensation policy to employees 16 (10.3%) 12 (7.7%) 0 (0%) 41 (26.5%) 86 (55.5%) 4.090 1.340 BOI’s compensation recognizes skill, effort and commitment 28 (18.1%) 19 (12.3%) 8 (5.2%) 27 (17.4%) 73 (47.1%) 3.632 1.587 Job designation is essential in BOI’s compensation management 1 (0.6%) 1 (0.6%) 0 (0%) 68 (43.9%) 85 (54.8%) 4.516 0.606 I am satisfied with BOI’s compensation management system 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 33 (21.3%) 122 (78.7%) 4.787 0.410 SD = Strongly Disagree, D = Disagree, N = Neutral, A = Agree, SA = Strongly Agree, Sd = Standard Deviation Source: Field Survey, SPSS (April, 2018). From the results in Table 3, about 92.2% of the respondents confirmed that BOI has a well-organized compensation system (4.316); most of the respondents indicated that the existing compensation system at BOI is applicable to all the employees (2.096); about 82% of the respondents indicated that BOI communicates its compensation policy to every employee (4.090); some of the respondents also expressed that BOI’s compensation policy recognizes skill, effort and commitment (3.632); almost all of the respondents, a total of 98.7%, answered to the affirmative that job designation is essential in BOI’s compensation management (4.516). Finally, all of the respondents expressed their satisfaction with the compensation management system at BOI (4.787). 4.4.4 Organizational Commitment at BOI Section D of the questionnaire required the respondents to provide their insight on the overall organizational commitment at BOI. The results of the respondents’ view on the organizational commitment at BOI are represented in Table 4.37 Table 4: Organizational Commitment at BOI SD D N A SA Mean Sd The rewards I receive inspires me to offer more services to BOI 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 71 (45.8%) 84 (54.2%) 4.541 0.499 I wish to keep working in BOI in the next ten years 2 (1.3%) 1 (0.6%) 0 (0%) 68 (43.9%) 84 (54.2%) 4.490 0.668 I am happy and proud to work and serve at BOI 6 (3.9%) 11 (7.1%) 29 (18.7%) 50 (32.3%) 59 (38.1%) 3.935 1.097 I am comfortable participating in BOI’s activities even without pay 34 (21.9%) 30 (19.4%) 16 (10.3%) 21 (13.5%) 54 (34.8%) 3.200 1.605 My career advancement would suffer if I leave BOI 38 (24.5%) 33 (21.3%) 0 (0%) 22 (14.2%) 62 (40.0%) 3.238 1.702 Equity in BOI’s compensation mgmt. inspires me to commit 22 (14.2%) 27 (17.4%) 12 (7.7%) 39 (25.2%) 55 (35.5%) 3.503 1.474 Good work relationships influences my willingness to remain at BOI 7 (4.5%) 11 (7.1%) 1 (0.6%) 52 (33.5%) 84 (54.2%) 4.258 1.086 I have enjoyed several benefits from BOI that inspires me to work harder 1 (0.6%) 3 (1.9%) 2 (1.3%) 65 (41.9%) 84 (54.2%) 4.471 0.686 I am satisfied with the mgmt. of compensation, I wish to remain 5 (3.2%) 9 (5.8%) 3 (1.9%) 57 (36.8%) 81 (52.3%) 4.290 0.993 SD = Strongly Disagree, D = Disagree, N = Neutral, A = Agree, SA = Strongly Agree, Sd = Standard Deviation Source: Field Survey, SPSS (April, 2018). From the results in Table 4, all of the respondents answered to the affirmative that the rewards they receive at BOI inspires them to offer more services to the organization (4.541); about 98.1% of the respondents indicated that they wish to be in BOI in the next ten years (4.490); some of the respondents indicated that they are happy and proud to work and serve at BOI (3.935); about 48.3% of the respondents also indicated that they are comfortable working at BOI even without pay (3.200); about 54.2% of the respondents indicated that their career advancement would suffer if they leave the organization (3.238); some of the respondents also expressed that the equity in BOI’s compensation management inspires them to commit to the organization (3.503); about 87.7% of the respondents answered to the affirmative that good working relationships at BOI influences their willingness to commit to the organization (4.258); most of the respondents also indicated that the benefits they receive inspires them to work harder (4.471); and finally, 89.1% of the respondents indicated that they have experienced consistent career advancement hence, wish to remain at BOI.38 4.4.5 Pearson Correlation Analysis Pearson correlation coefficient was undertaken to measure the degree of linear association and direction between the independent variable, compensation management and the dependent variable, organizational commitment. The results obtained are represented in Table 5. Table 5: Pearson Correlation Coefficients CM OC CM Pearson Correlation 1 .822** Sig. (2-tailed) .000 N 155 155 OC Pearson Correlation .822** 1 Sig. (2-tailed) .000 N 155 155 **. Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed). CM = Compensation Management, OC = Organizational Commitment Source: Field Survey, SPSS (April, 2018). From the results in Table 5, the coefficient indicates that there is a strong positive relationship between compensation management and organizational commitment (r = 0.822, p = 0.000). This shows that if BOI maintains and improves on its compensation management system, the overall organizational commitment will experience a likely increase as well. 4.4.6 Linear Regression Analysis To validate the statistical results from the Pearson correlation coefficient analysis, the linear regression analysis was used to show that compensation management is significantly associated with organizational commitment. The linear regression analysis is a predictive model used to predict the value of one dependent variable from the values of two or more independent variables by the use of a straight line formula. The formula for the straight line relationship is given as: y = a + bx Where, y is the dependent or predicted variable, x is the independent variable, a is the intercept or point where the line cuts the y axis when x = 0 and, b is the slope or change in y for any 1 unit change in x.39 The linear regression model was used to assess the extent of the relationship between the independent variable and the dependent variable. The results obtained are represented in Tables 6a, 6b and 6c. Table 6a: Linear Regression Analysis Model Summary Model R R Square Adjusted R Square Std. Error of the Estimate 1 .822a .676 .674 .34643 a. Predictors: (Constant), Compensation Management Source: Field Survey, SPSS (April 2018). From the results in Table 6a, R is known as the coefficient of correlation. The value of R indicates that there is a positive correlation between the independent and dependent variables of the study. This means that there is a positive relationship between BOI’s compensation management and organizational commitment. This means that, employees are likely to produce better results when they are compensated effectively. From the results of the analysis, R (0.822) signifies that there is an 82.2% correlation between compensation management and organizational commitment at BOI. R Square on the other hand is known as the coefficient of determination. The value of R Square indicates that a change in the dependent variable can be accounted for by a change in the independent variable. From the results of the analysis, R Square (0.676) signifies that a 67.6% change in the dependent variable is accounted for by the independent variable. This means that, compensation management has a 67.6% effect on organizational commitment at BOI and a change in organizational commitment at BOI is caused by changes in BOI’s compensation management. This reflects the role of the compensation management system on the organizational commitment at BOI. The value of R Square is not up to 100% because there are other variables such as working conditions, motivation, employee participation etc. which can account for the changes in the organizational commitment at BOI.40 Table 6b: Analysis of Variance ANOVAa Model Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig. 1 Regression 38.348 1 38.348 10.797 .000b Residual 18.362 153 .120 Total 56.710 154 Dependent Variable: Organizational Commitment Predictors: (Constant), CM CM = Compensation Management Source: Field Survey, SPSS (April 2018). Table 6b indicates the analysis of variance. The results indicate a positive and significant F value of 107.797 (Sig. = 0.000). This shows that there is a positive and significant relationship between compensation management and organizational commitment. Table 6c: Regression Coefficients Coefficientsa Model Unstandardized Coefficients Standardized Coefficients t Sig. B Std. Error Beta 1 (Constant) .906 .204 4.444 .000 CM .810 .045 .822 17.875 .000 a = Dependent Variable: Organizational Commitment, CM = Compensation Management Source: Field Survey, SPSS (April 2018). Table 6c indicates the regression coefficients. The intercept, 0.906, represents the estimated average value of organizational commitment when compensation management is zero. The slope of compensation management (CM), 0.810, means that a change in organizational commitment would be 0.810 when compensation management increases by 1. Under the CM row, a significant t value of 17.875 (Sig. = 0.000 was obtained). This shows that the coefficients obtained for compensation management could reliably predict the organizational commitment at BOI. Thus, the following straight line equation was derived: OC = 0.906 + (0.810 * CM) Where, OC = organizational commitment which is the dependent variable, 0.096 is the intercept, 0.810 is the slope and, CM = compensation management which is the independent variable.41 4.4.7 Hypotheses Testing To test the hypothesis of the study, the researcher applied the one-sample t-test to determine if the hypotheses of the study would be accepted or rejected. The significance of the one-sample t-test is determined through the p-value. “The lower the p-value, the more certain we can be that there is a statistically significant difference between the observed and hypothesized mean” (Burns & Bush, 2006). The decision rule for the one-sample t-test is given as thus: • If p < 0.05, reject the null hypothesis. • If p ? 0.05, accept the null hypothesis. Table 7: One-Sample T-Test Test Value = 3 N Mean Mean Difference Sd Std. Error Mean t df Sig. (2-tailed) 95% Confidence Interval of the Difference Lower Upper DC 155 4.7871 1.7871 .41069 .03299 54.176 154 .000 1.7219 1.8523 IC 155 4.3161 1.3161 .94494 .07590 17.340 154 .000 1.1662 1.4661 WR 155 4.4258 1.4258 .84476 .06785 21.013 154 .000 1.2918 1.5598 CM 155 4.4581 1.4581 .61622 .04950 29.458 154 .000 1.3603 1.5558 DC = Direct Compensation, IC = Indirect Compensation, WR = Work Relationships, CM = Compensation Management, N = Population, Sd = Standard Deviation, t = t statistic, df = Degrees of Freedom Source: Field Survey, SPSS (April 2018). Hypothesis 1: There is no form of compensation management that affects organizational commitment. Questions 7 and 13 of the questionnaire filled by the sample population required the respondents to indicate their level of satisfaction with the direct and indirect compensation they receive at BOI. The responses collected were used to test for Hypothesis 1. From Table 7, under the DC row, the mean score (4.79 ± 0.41) was higher than the normal score of 3.0, a statistically significant difference of 1.79 (95% CI, 1.72 to 1.85), the p-value = 0.000, t (154) = 54.176. Under the IC row, the mean score (4.32 ± 0.95) was higher than the normal score of 3.0, a statistically significant difference of 1.32 (95% CI, 1.17 to 1.47), the p-value = 0.000, t (154) = 17.340. The results indicates that there is a statistically significant difference between means (p < 0.05) and, therefore, we can reject the null hypothesis that there is no form of compensation management that affects organizational commitment i.e. H1 is rejected. This means that, indeed the forms of compensation, direct compensation and indirect compensation, affects organizational commitment in the workplace.42 Hypothesis 2: There is no factor that influences organizational commitment. Question 26 of the questionnaire filled by the sample population required the respondents to indicate the extent to which good working relationships (which is one of the factors that influence organizational commitment, pg. 15) at BOI affects their willingness to commit to the organization. The responses collected were used to test for Hypothesis 2. From Table 7, under the WR row, the mean score (4.43 ± 0.84) was higher than the normal score of 3.0, a statistically significant difference of 1.43 (95% CI, 1.29 to 1.56), the p-value = 0.000, t (154) = 21.013. The results indicates that there is a statistically significant difference between means (p < 0.05) and, therefore, we can reject the null hypothesis that there is no factor that influences organizational commitment i.e. H2 is rejected. This means that, indeed factors such as a good working relationship in a workplace can affect an employees’ willingness to commit to an organization. Hypothesis 3: There is no significant relationship between compensation management and organizational commitment. Question 28 of the questionnaire filled by the sample population required the respondents to indicate the their level of satisfaction with the overall compensation management at BOI and its effect on their organizational commitment. The responses collected were used to test for Hypothesis 3. From Table 7, under the CM row, the mean score (4.46 ± 0.62) was higher than the normal score of 3.0, a statistically significant difference of 1.46 (95% CI, 1.36 to 1.56), the p-value = 0.000, t (154) = 29.458. The results indicates that there is a statistically significant difference between means (p ; 0.05) and, therefore, we can reject the null hypothesis that there is no significant relationship between compensation management and organizational commitment i.e. H3 is rejected. This means that, indeed compensation management positively affects the organizational commitment of employees in a workplace. Table 8: Summary of Hypothesis Decision Hypothesis Statement Decision 1 There is no element of compensation management that affects organizational commitment Rejected 2 There is no factor that influences organizational commitment Rejected 3 There is no significant relationship between compensation management and organizational commitment Rejected Source: Field Survey, SPSS (April 2018).43 4.5 Discussion of Results The discussion of results includes all of the responses and analysis and gathered from the survey through the administration of questionnaires and other data collected during the course of the study. The discussion consists of both the theoretical and empirical findings. The first research question was centered on the relationship between the forms of compensation and organization commitment from which the results indicated a positive and significant relationship within the two variables. This is in line with a research study conducted by Lambert et al. (2001), which concluded that compensation significantly influences organizational commitment. The results were in alignment of the perception that employees usually take employment where financial and non-financial compensation are generally are utilized to measure their importance or the employee value. The second research question was centered on the factors that influence organizational commitment. From the data analysis of the study, it was observed that factors like good working relationships influence employees’ willingness to commit to the organization they serve. Finally, the third research question was centered on the relationship between compensation management and organizational commitment. From the data analysis of the study, it was observed that employees attached a significant importance to the rewards they receive, how the organization manages and administers their rewards and, the rewards affects on their willingness to commit to the organization. The findings of this study indicates that compensation management plays a significant and positive role in the determination of organizational commitment which is consistent with those of several studies reviewed such as Frye (2004), Nazir et al. (2013), Osibanjo et al. (2014), Riaz et al. (2016), Idemobi et al. (2011) etc. Adequately managing an organization’s compensation management system affects the level of commitment to the organization by the employees. Based on the results of the data analysis, various details with respect to compensation management and its impact on organizational commitment at Nigerian Bank of Industry (BOI) Limited have emerged. According to Anvari et al. (2011), “an organization’s compensation plan must be organized and well communicated to all of the employees working at the organization”. The results from the data analysis also supports this statement because more than half of the respondents who participated in the survey answered affirmatively to the question that BOI’s compensation policy is well organized and is often communicated to the44 employees. Most of the respondents were of the opinion that the well-organized compensation management system at BOI is applicable to all the employees. The opinions of the respondents varied in terms of the salary they receive and whether the salary meets their immediate needs. The overall results from the analysis of data also indicated that the compensation management system at BOI indeed has a positive effect on the organizational commitment of the firm. Should there be an improvement in the compensation terms at BOI, an increase in organizational commitment will be experienced and vice versa. This suggestion is consistent with the expectancy theory by Vroom (1964), which states that the perception held by employees’ motivation to work has a direct correlation with performance and, that high performance will result to positive outcomes in the form of rewards or compensation. As obtained from the literature reviewed, theories of motivation such as expectancy, equity and need theories sees compensation as a predictor of behavior, in other words, compensation can influence a repeat of behavior. From the analysis of the study, we can conclude that the implication for compensation management is that high organizational commitment followed by a monetary and/or non-monetary reward will make future high commitment more likely. By the same token, high commitment not followed by a monetary and/or non-monetary reward will make it less likely in the future. This statement is in line with the expectancy theory (Vroom, 1964), which focuses on the link between rewards and behaviors. Baron ; Greenberg (1990) examined how an organization communicated pay cuts to its employees and the effect on perceived equity. In the course of the research, questions were tactically drawn, included in the research questions and questionnaires were administered in order to satisfy the research objectives and research hypotheses. The results obtained from the study validates that respondents agree that an effective compensation management practice in an organization leads to an improvement in employee productivity, organizational performance and employee commitment towards the organization. The test of the hypothesis was also a further assurance and belief in the fact that compensation management when handled effectively has a positive impact or effect on the commitment of employees. Compensation management is strategic to an organization’s goals and objectives and thus, should be able to ensure employee and job satisfaction, employee retention, employee development, better organizational performance and organizational commitment. From the results of the study, the findings revealed that there are positive significant relationships among45 salary, bonuses, commissions, pension plans, insurance etc. and organizational commitment at the Nigerian Bank of Industry (BOI) Limited. Organizations that have better compensation management systems in place set a very positive influence on their employees thereby committing them to the organization and such will be less likely to leave it. Because of the strong relationship between these forms of compensations management, performances and commitment are affected positively. The task in compensation management is to develop policies and strategies that will attract, satisfy, retain and motivate employees thereby leading to employee satisfaction and organizational commitment. This encourages employees to work harder and in turn helps the organization to build a competitive atmosphere in the organization as it supports the achievement of business goals and objectives.46 CHAPTER FIVE: SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS 5.1 Introduction This chapter presents a summary of the key study findings, conclusions and recommendations for further research. It provides a precise and concise framework into the compensation management and organizational commitment at the Nigerian Bank of Industry Limited. It also includes the conclusions drawn from the analysis of the results, and the recommendations made for future policy decisions. 5.2 Major Summary of Findings Compensation management has been observed by scholars and emphasized to be very fundamental to an organization and in enhancing organizational commitment. For an organization to stand the test of time and to enjoy competitive advantage in a competing environment, effective compensation management systems must be set in place to attract, satisfy, retain and develop skilful employees that will be dedicated and committed to the achievement of the organization’s set goals. According to Noble ; Mokwa (1999), “employee commitment towards an organization is the extent to which an employee identifies with and works towards the organization’s goals and objectives. A reliable, appropriate and adequate compensation management system must be adopted by managers of organizations to reduce absenteeism, withdrawal behaviors and so on within an organization thus, improvement on organizational performance and commitment is guaranteed”. However, for any organization to enjoy sustainability and remain on top, adequate remuneration must be imbedded to the philosophy of the organization that will be of great interest to not only the employees but the organization as well. This can be achieved through a periodical review of the remuneration package by the organization. Sometimes, certain employees may be satisfied with the little salary they earn and the direct compensation they receive, whilst other employees will be dissatisfied with same salary but satisfied with the job conditions e.g. the leader style, work atmosphere, job role, job responsibility, recognition, and so on (Chhabra, 2001). This often leads to a positive influence on employee motivation, job satisfaction, productivity, and the willingness to commit and remain loyal to the organization. Hence, in designing, implementing, and managing compensation plans for organizations, it must include direct and indirect benefits to adequately47 motivate, encourage, and satisfy the employees so they strive harder to achieve organizational goals and objectives. In spite of the multiple benefits and advantages of compensation management and its impact on organizational commitment, it cannot still be concluded that having a good compensation management system alone is a solution for the overall success in appraising and managing employee's performance and commitment. It is therefore the duty of all managers to ensure that the use of appropriate and adequate compensation management systems meets employee's expectation in order to have good and effective performance and in turn, a willingness to commit. According to the findings from this study, a good number of direct and indirect compensation packages were received by the employees of the bank. These include base pay, tax reliefs, medical expenses, anticipated retirement package, free health insurance, housing allowance, travel and meal allowance, vacation and leave allowances and bonuses, merit pay and profit sharing. As a result, the findings concluded that employees of the bank were satisfied with these compensation packages. The study further shows that employees’ satisfaction with these compensation packages had a positive effect on their commitment. The management of the Nigerian Bank of Industry (BOI) Limited adopts both the direct (salary, benefits, bonuses, commissions) compensation and indirect (recognition of work done, services and perquisites, pay for time not worked, protection programs) compensation to motivate employees, to raise their moral, improve the strength of the organization, and to maintain and attract efficient employees. Employees of the bank perceived the existing compensation system in the bank as being adequate enough to influence the employee’s commitment as the bank motivates employees with better remuneration and salary to cater for the needs of all employees within the organization. The study was aimed at examining the impact of compensation management on the organizational commitment at the Nigerian Bank of Industry Limited. Questionnaires were administered to selected staff of BOI. The entire population was estimated at 468 people comprising of both the junior and senior staff and out of this population a sample population of 216 respondents were randomly selected for the study and analyzed. The responses obtained from the self-administered questionnaires and the test of hypothesis using the one-sample t-test method forms the basis of the finding of this study.48 In conclusion, the general summary of the findings revealed that: 1) The Nigerian Bank of Industry (BOI) Limited has a well-organized and efficient compensation management system which is applicable to all the employees. 2) BOI’s compensation management system has a great impact on employees’ efficiency and commitment of the employees at the organization. 3) There is a positive and significant relationship between compensation management and organizational commitment and that effective compensation management will lead to a positive impact on the organizational commitment at the Nigerian Bank of Industry (BOI) Limited. 4) Organizational commitment can also be determined through the use of not only monetary rewards but also non-monetary rewards as well some of which could include; recognition, advancements, responsibilities, leadership roles, effective communication, sense of belonging and involvement, decision making and so on in relation to the concept of compensation management. 5.3 Conclusion The first basic requirement for effective organizational commitment is to have a common understanding of the standards of performance and commitment required from each employee, and then, compensation management should be set in relation with the organizational goals and objectives. One of the primary responsibilities of management is to make compensation management a regular tool for optimizing the potentials of employees and human resources managers or practitioners should be in the driving seat in ensuring that the system is run in line with the principles of fairness and equity. Based on the research findings and theoretical literature reviewed, it can be concluded that compensation management positively influences organizational commitment. It can also be said that compensation management leads to better performance, trust in management, strong relationship in the organization and organizational commitment. In addition, Nigerian Bank of Industry (BOI) Limited practices a compensation management system through communicating and involving employees in the development. Furthermore, it can also be concluded that the success of an organization’s compensation management system is in having open communication with the employees, which enables them to be satisfied with the fairness and equity in the management and administration of the firm’s compensation management system.49 There is a strong direct relationship between compensation and organizational commitment at BOI thus, as the overall working conditions of employees becomes better, the more their commitment would improve to ensure the growth and development of the bank. The main goal of fulfilling this study was to establish a link between compensation management and organizational commitment of employees at the Nigerian Bank of Industry (BOI) Limited. 5.4 Recommendations Employers are continually challenged to develop pay practices and procedures that will enable them to attract, motivate, retain and satisfy their employees. The findings of this study can be helpful tools which could be used to provide solutions to individual dissatisfaction to work processes. It is very important to suggest that more research should be conducted on the issues related to compensation management system using many private and public organizations as case studies. It is significant for further studies to be carried out in order to do justice to all issues concerning compensation management. Based on the research analysis, findings and conclusions, this study will be incomplete without the following recommendations and suggestions to the management of the Nigerian Bank of Industry (BOI) Limited and other organizations that may find this research work useful. 1) Organizations that have established equitable compensation management systems with well-communicated strategies will attract employees and also retain them more than comparable organizations with ineffective compensation management practices. There is need for top leadership in the organizations to establish an effective compensation management system since this will influence the success of attaining the organization’s goals, objectives and vision. 2) Managers can increase organizational commitment by communicating that they value employees’ contribution and that they care about employees’ wellbeing. The findings from this study will therefore assist senior managers to identify those employee-related issues that can slow productivity, performance and commitment in the workplace. When the employees understand that they are considered, their emotional, normative and continuity attachment towards the organization will increase successively. 3) Employees with higher levels of organizational attachment will be more willing to work for an organization and to stay as a member of the organization, which brings about higher levels of productivity in the organization. Policy makers could use the findings of this study to develop policies to guide the remuneration of employees in other50 Development Financial Institutions to ensure uniformity in remuneration and increase in the commitment of employees towards organizations. 4) Since employees’ efforts are directed towards the achievement of organizational goals and objectives and these efforts goes hand in hand with employees’ abilities, then, the employees’ abilities should be enhanced through training, development, capacity building programs, orientation and re-orientation, counselling programs etc. 5) Organizations will do well to take employees’ motivation seriously, knowing fully well that employees come to work with expectations and needs they want to satisfy via their work efforts and the compensation they receive. 6) Managers must ensure to communicate to their employees the compensation attached to each performance target so that each employee know what he/she can expect in exchange for his/her efforts at every level of performance. 7) Managers must ensure that the compensation offered to the employees are matched to employees' needs and preferences. 8) Managers must also ensure that rewards distributed to employees are dynamic and constantly re-evaluated to ensure their transparency and fairness to all employees so as to continue to have their dedication, commitment and loyalty, which is the major drive for keeping contented and satisfied employees, thus, avoiding turnover but ensuring retention of vibrant employees. 9) Organizations must develop and implement a culture of appreciating employees with recognition awards. Employees thrive in a work environment when there is a frequent feedback and praises from their employers or superiors they are generally motivated to give out their best to help improve organizational performance. 10) Educational funding is also another way to motivate employees in the workplace. Giving employees the tools and resources to develop themselves by achieving industrial certification and degrees can help to elevate the quality of work produced, provide a meaningful career and incentives that is recognized by all, and ultimately, motivate and encourage the employees to exhibit loyalty and commitment towards the organization. 11) Organizations can utilize corporate wellness programs as a method of incentivization to encourage employee commitment towards the organization. Studies like Bob (2001), have proven that such programs can be used to boost compensation strategies.51 5.5 Suggestions for Future Studies The study focused on only one Development Financial Institution in Nigeria i.e. the Nigerian Bank of Industry (BOI) Limited. 1) There is the need for a similar research to be carried out in other sectors of the Nigerian economy such as the manufacturing and service sectors where a comparison of the findings can be made. 2) The study focused on the impact of only one variable (compensation management) on organizational commitment. 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Benefits and Total Rewards: A Comprehensive Guide for Human Resource Professionals. Wiley Inter Science, John Wiley & Sons Incorporation, New York, USA. Zeffane, R. M. (1994). Understanding Employee Turnover: The Need for a Contingency Approach. International Journal of Manpower, 15: 22 – 38.59 APPENDIX: QUESTIONNAIRE Nile University Nigeria, Faculty of Management and Social Sciences Department of Business Administration Abuja, Nigeria. 7th April, 2018. A Questionnaire on the Impact of Compensation Management on Organizational Commitment (A Case Study on Nigerian Bank of Industry Limited) I, Ohunene Salima Ahmad, an MSc. Management student of Nile University Nigeria, Abuja, under the supervision of Dr. Daniel Cross, humbly writes to invite you to participate in my research study via a written interview. My topic “The Impact of Compensation Management on Organizational Commitment” is aimed at examining the importance of an effective compensation management system and to explore how compensation motivates/demotivates and encourages/discourages the employees to remain loyal to the organization. This study also seeks to determine how compensation management at Nigerian Bank of Industry Limited influences the organizational commitment of the employees. Please spare a few minutes of your time to answer the following questions. All personal information provided by the respondents during the course of the interview will be treated as confidential. Many thanks, Ohunene Ahmad.60 SECTION A Employees’ General Information Please tick as appropriate a) Sex: Male Female b) Marital Status: Single Married Divorced Widowed c) Designation: Junior Middle Senior d) How long have you worked at BOI? Less than 1 yr 1 – 5 yrs 5 – 10 yrs More than 10 yrs SECTION B Forms of Compensation at BOI FORMS OF COMPENSATION Strongly Disagree Disagree Neutral Agree Strongly Agree Direct Compensation 1. Financial rewards are reflective of individual skills and efforts 2. Financial rewards compares favorably to that provided in similar firms 3. Financial rewards includes allowances for extra duties and responsibilities 4. Financial rewards are reviewed to accommodate market changes 5. BOI takes care of taxes before employees’ base pay is provided 6. Profit sharing is done in the bank at the end of each year 7. I am satisfied with the financial rewards I receive at BOI Indirect Compensation 8. Non-financial rewards are adequate enough to satisfy my needs61 9. Non-financial rewards compares favorably to that provided in similar organizations 10. Non-financial rewards includes protection programs such as pensions and medical insurance 11. Non-financial rewards at BOI provides pay for time not worked e.g. sick leave, holidays etc. 12. Non-financial rewards includes services and perquisites e.g. company car, low-cost meals etc. 13. I am satisfied with the non-financial rewards I receive at BOI SECTION C Compensation Management at BOI COMPENSATION MANAGEMENT Strongly Disagree Disagree Neutral Agree Strongly Agree 14. BOI has a well-organized compensation system 15. The existing compensation system is applicable to all the employees 16. BOI communicates its compensation policy to employees 17. BOI’s compensation recognizes skill, effort and commitment 18. Job designation is essential in BOI’s compensation management 19. I am satisfied with BOI’s compensation management system62 SECTION D Organizational Commitment at BOI ORGANIZATIONAL COMMITMENT Strongly Disagree Disagree Neutral Agree Strongly Agree 20. The rewards I receive inspires me to offer more services to BOI 21. I wish to keep working in BOI in the next ten years 22. I am happy and proud to work and serve at BOI 23. I am comfortable participating in BOI’s activities even without pay 24. My career advancement would suffer if I leave BOI due to lack of training and devpt. 25. Equity in BOI’s compensation mgmt. inspires me to commit 26. Good working relationships influences my willingness to remain at BOI 27. I have enjoyed several benefits from BOI that inspires me to work harder 28. I am satisfied with the overall management of compensation at BOI hence, I want to remain at BOI Thanks for your participation.

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